The role of Pb oxidation state of the precursor in the formation of 2D perovskite microplates

Antony, Leo Sahaya Daphne; Dongen, Sjoerd Willem van; Grimaldi, Gianluca; Mathew, Simon; Helmbrecht, Lukas; Weijden, Arno van der; Borchert, Juliane; Schuringa, Imme; Ehrler, Bruno; Noorduin, Wim L.; Alarcón-Lladó, Esther

doi:10.1039/d2nr06509f

Cited by 2 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…We hypothesize that these different oxidation states of lead first undergo a redox reaction with the reagent or environment to form Pb 2+ , which subsequently reacts into the desired perovskite. For instance, metallic lead (Pb 0 ) may readily oxidize in the air into Pb 2+ , which subsequently can react with CH 3 NH 3 Br to yield the perovskite, while Pb 4+ undergoes reductive dissolution in traces of water to yield Pb 2+ . , Hence, all oxidation states of lead can be detected via reaction into photoluminescent perovskites.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are still many fundamental questions regarding why this reaction works so well and for so many different species of lead. Our current hypothesis is that a complex cascade of ion-exchange, acid/base, and redox chemistry can take place in tandem with dissolution/recrystallization processes to funnel different species of lead into a single perovskite. , For instance, lead may be freed up from the specimen under acidic conditions. Subsequently this lead can undergo a redox reaction to form Pb 2+ , which then can crystallize as lead halide.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, metallic lead (Pb 0 ) may readily oxidize in the air into Pb 2+ , which subsequently can react with CH 3 NH 3 Br to yield the perovskite, while Pb 4+ undergoes reductive dissolution in traces of water to yield Pb 2+ . 39 , 40 Hence, all oxidation states of lead can be detected via reaction into photoluminescent perovskites.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on our experience with conversion reactions, − we screened an extensive combination of perovskite precursors, solvents, and application methods. The reagents include organic methylammonium, phenethylammonium, butylammonium, and formamidinium halides as well as inorganic cesium halides in a variety of solvents.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Direct Environmental Lead Detection by Photoluminescent Perovskite Formation with Nanogram Sensitivity

Helmbrecht,

van Dongen,

van der Weijden

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Although the global ban on leaded gasoline has markedly reduced lead poisoning, many other environmental sources of lead exposure, such as paint, pipes, mines, and recycling sites remain. Existing methods to identify these sources are either costly or unreliable. We report here a new, sensitive, and inexpensive lead detection method that relies on the formation of a perovskite semiconductor. The method only requires spraying the material of interest with methylammonium bromide and observing whether photoluminesence occurs under UV light to indicate the presence of lead. The method detects as little as 1.0 ng/mm 2 of lead by the naked eye and 50 pg/mm 2 using a digital photo camera. We exposed more than 50 different materials to our reagent and found no false negatives or false positives. The method readily detects lead in soil, paint, glazing, cables, glass, plastics, and dust and could be widely used for testing the environment and preventing lead poisoning.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Direct Environmental Lead Detection by Photoluminescent Perovskite Formation with Nanogram Sensitivity

Helmbrecht,

van Dongen,

van der Weijden

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…We recently exploited the versatile chemistry of lead and the bright photoluminescence (PL) of lead halide perovskites to develop a lead testing method based on perovskite formation. [28][29][30][31] In short, direct application of a reagent containing perovskite precursors (e.g. methylammonium halides) readily reacts with lead to form a lead halide perovskite semiconductor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photoluminescent detection of lead dust in gunshot residue

van der Weijden,

Adelberg,

Helmbrecht

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Gunshot residue (GSR) analysis is essential for the forensic investigation of shooting incidents, but oftentimes still slow, cumbersome, and with limited spatial resolution. We here introduce a photoluminescent gunshot residue analysis (PL-Pb) for instant spatially resolved detection of GSR with high resolution. Lead dust in GSR reacts into a lead halide perovskite semiconductor that emits bright green light under ultraviolet irradiation. The sensitivity of PL-Pb enables straightforward detection of trace amounts of GSR from ricochet markings, bullet holes and combustion plumes. We show that GSR is transferable with high spatial resolution and preservation of fine details such as the polygonal patterns caused by the rifling of the pistol. Moreover, PL-Pb detection yields reproducible GSR patterns for shooting distance reconstruction series. We also show that the sensitivity and instant results make PL-Pb suitable for rapid presumptive testing of shooting suspects. Surprisingly, even after washing, we can still detect GSR on the hands of shooters, and we find GSR in a simple and straightforward manner on clothes, shoes, and other objects relevant to a shooting incident. Collectively, the instant results and sensitivity of PL-Pb opens unprecedented opportunities for (on-site) forensic investigations and highlights the potential of perovskite-based lead detection methods for lead containing, crime related micro-traces and lead dust in general.

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The role of Pb oxidation state of the precursor in the formation of 2D perovskite microplates

Abstract: Two-dimensional (2D) lead halide perovskites are an exciting class of materials currently being extensively explored for photovoltaics and other optoelectronic applications. Their ionic nature makes them ideal candidates for solution...

Cited by 2 publications

References 67 publications

Direct Environmental Lead Detection by Photoluminescent Perovskite Formation with Nanogram Sensitivity

Direct Environmental Lead Detection by Photoluminescent Perovskite Formation with Nanogram Sensitivity

Photoluminescent detection of lead dust in gunshot residue

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