The role of peer, parental, and school norms in predicting adolescents’ attitudes and behaviours of majority and different minority ethnic groups in Croatia

Pehar, Lana; Biruški, Dinka Čorkalo; Ivanec, Tea Pavin

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0227512

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…For example, increased intergroup contact in integrated education that promoted empathy and self-disclosure has been linked with more positive intergroup relations in NI (Turner et al, 2013). Similar shared education initiatives have been investigated in the RNM (Loader et al, 2018) and Kosovo and have been found to shape intergroup norms (Pehar et al, 2020) while providing greater opportunities for outgroup prosocial behavior. Where shared education practices are not possible, interventions that use media or vicarious contact may also help to increase prosocial justifications to resolve tension in a conflict-affected society (Cole et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Children’s outgroup giving in settings of intergroup conflict: The developmental role of ingroup symbol preference.

Taylor¹,

Dautel²,

Maloku³

et al. 2021

Developmental Psychology

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Understanding when children develop a sense of group boundaries has implications for conflict and its resolution. Integrating social identity development theory and the developmental peace-building model, we investigated whether preferences for ethno-religious ingroup symbols mediate the link from child age to outgroup prosocial giving among 5-to 11-year-old children from both majority and minority backgrounds in three settings of protracted intergroup conflict (N = 713, M = 7.97, SD = 1.52, 52.6% female). Participants represented the conflict rival ethno-religious groups in each setting (Northern Ireland [n = 299]: 48.5% Protestant, 51.5% Catholic; Kosovo [n = 220]: 54.1% Albanian, 45.9% Serbian; Republic of North Macedonia [RNM; n = 194]: 45.9% Macedonian, 54.1% Albanian) and were largely from lower-to middle-class families; 4% of participants from other ethnic backgrounds were excluded from the current analyses. Multiple-group, bias-corrected bootstrapped mediation found that ingroup symbol preference mediated the link from child age to outgroup prosocial giving; that is, older children expressed higher ingroup symbol preference, which was linked with lower outgroup giving. Across Northern Ireland, Kosovo, and the RNM, there was some significant variation in the strength of specific paths; however, there was a significant indirect effect in all three settings. The findings advance cross-cultural understanding of how age relates to ingroup symbol preferences and outgroup prosocial giving across the elementary school years, with implications for children's long-term peace-building contributions in three conflict-affected societies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Children’s outgroup giving in settings of intergroup conflict: The developmental role of ingroup symbol preference.

Taylor¹,

Dautel²,

Maloku³

et al. 2021

Developmental Psychology

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“…Previous studies, for example, have suggested that adolescence is a particularly critical period for identity and values to develop (Vollebergh et al, 2001), but noted that as children grow more autonomous and experience other influences such as peers or the media, parental influence may decrease (Schönpflug, 2001). This is particularly relevant in postconflict settings where civic and peer norms shape the characterization of groups and how they are perceived and treated (Pehar et al, 2020; Tankard & Paluck, 2016).…”

Section: Transgenerational Impact Of the 1994 Genocidementioning

confidence: 99%

Is outgroup prejudice passed down generationally in Rwanda after the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi?

Kang¹,

Mbonyingabo²,

Qin³

et al. 2022

Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology

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Family members who witnessed the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi arguably shape their children's narratives of the events and subsequent formation of outgroup prejudice. An understanding of whether vestiges of the genocide are transmitted to future generations informs ongoing peacebuilding efforts. We, therefore, examined the relationship between child and guardian attitudes toward one's outgroup among households of survivors or génocidaires and investigated whether this relationship was potentially affected by social interactions with members of outgroups (survivors or génocidaires) outside the family. We interviewed 588 members of survivor (153 guardian-child dyads) and génocidaire (141 guardian-child dyads) households in the Muhanga district of Rwanda to investigate whether children, 12-18 years old, conveyed their parents' outgroup prejudice after parents participated in a local peace intervention compared to when children participated in similar programming for youth. Structural equation modeling (SEM) results indicated that survivors' and génocidaires' outgroup prejudice did not influence their children's formation of these beliefs. Nor did children affect their guardians in this regard. However, other factors influenced children's beliefs in both households. In survivor households, children who endorsed more positive attitudes toward génocidaires reported stronger family relationships and more frequent interaction with génocidaires after adjusting for child age and gender, and guardian's gender. In génocidaire households, children's positive beliefs about survivors were influenced by more interactions with survivors and living with a guardian who participated in peace interventions. Rather than being passively shaped by their guardians' experiences, our results suggested that a new generation of viewpoints was being formed by relationships within and outside the family. Public Significance StatementThe children of survivors and génocidaires who directly experienced the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda do not share their parents' perceptions of people from outgroups-that is those who perpetrated harm or those victimized by it during the genocide. However, children's regard of outgroups in both households was influenced more by the quality of family relationships and the frequency of their interactions with members of their outgroup.

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“…For instance, a longitudinal study of ethnic majority German adolescents (12-16 years old) found that the strongest correlation between parents' and adolescents' attitudes was between the ages of 12 and 13 and weakened as adolescents got older (Gniewosz & Noack, 2015). A cross-sectional study of ethnic majority and minority adolescents in Croatia found that the relation between parental norms and adolescents' outgroup attitudes was stable between the ages of 11 to 18 (Pehar et al, 2020). Although there are too few studies to draw conclusive developmental implications, they highlight how congruence between parent and children's intergroup attitudes could fluctuate depending on the developmental period.…”

Section: Families In Marginalized Positions As a Source Of Support In...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of the Family for Racism and Xenophobia in Childhood and Adolescence

Aral

Juang

Schwarzenthal

et al. 2021

Review of General Psychology

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Racism and xenophobia are not just the problems of the adult world; As systems of beliefs, practices, and policies, racism and xenophobia influence children’s perceptions and experiences at early ages. Because families can be significant sources of information regarding race and ethnicity, we focus on the family to understand the broader context of racism and xenophobia in childhood and adolescence. In this paper, we first provide an overview of research conducted among BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, and People of Color) and ethnic/religious minority families that has focused on family ethnic–racial socialization to support children and adolescents’ capabilities for resisting racism and xenophobia. We then review research conducted among white and ethnic/religious majority families that has mainly taken an intergroup relations perspective and has examined associations between parents’ and children’s ethnic–racial attitudes, biases, and prejudice. Finally, we discuss the role of family for racism and xenophobia through the lens of family ethnic–racial socialization and intergroup relations perspectives, highlight areas that are currently understudied, and offer recommendations concerning future research directions.

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The role of peer, parental, and school norms in predicting adolescents’ attitudes and behaviours of majority and different minority ethnic groups in Croatia

Cited by 16 publications

References 54 publications

Children’s outgroup giving in settings of intergroup conflict: The developmental role of ingroup symbol preference.

Children’s outgroup giving in settings of intergroup conflict: The developmental role of ingroup symbol preference.

Is outgroup prejudice passed down generationally in Rwanda after the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi?

The Role of the Family for Racism and Xenophobia in Childhood and Adolescence

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