“…In an effort to explore the relationship between constraints, negotiation, motivation, and participation, Hubbard and Mannell (2001) proposed four competing models, among which the constraint-effect-mitigation model (i.e., negotiation as mediator between constraint and participation) best fit the empirical data. This model has since been applied in different contexts (e.g., Chung, Baik, & Lee, 2017;Jun & Kyle, 2011;Lyu & Oh, 2014;Son et al, 2008;White, 2008) and has proved to be effective with sufficient empirical evidence. As hypothesized in both the HCM and CEM models, constraints induce negotiation strategies, which then promote participation intentions.…”