The Role of Phagocytes in Immunity to Candida albicans

Small, Annabelle; King, Jovanka; Rathjen, Deborah A.; Fèrrante, Antonio

doi:10.5772/intechopen.80683

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…Even if no mechanistic assessment has been performed, we speculate that the two cytokines, TNF-α and IFN-γ, used in the tested MIM, respectively at 5 and 6 CH, could explain the enhanced phagocytic capacity of MIM-treated cells compared to vehicle-treated cells. It has been reported that phagocytosis and killing of C. albicans are enhanced by proinflammatory cytokines, in particular by TNF-α and IFN-γ [ 35 ]. The two cytokines may have worked synergistically, thus inducing autocrine positive feedbacks, as it was previously reported to happen with higher doses [ 20 , 21 ], finally boosting the phagocytic capacity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Micro-Immunotherapy Medicine 2LEID Exhibits an Immunostimulant Effect by Boosting Both Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses

Jacques¹,

Chatelais²,

Fekir³

et al. 2021

IJMS

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This study aimed at evaluating the effects of the micro-immunotherapy medicine (MIM) 2LEID, both in vitro and in vivo, on several components of the innate and adaptive immune system. MIM increased the phagocytic activity of macrophages, and it augmented the expression of the activation markers CD69 and HLA-DR in NK cells and monocytes/macrophages, respectively. The effect of MIM was evaluated in a model of respiratory infection induced by influenza A virus administration to immunocompetent mice in which it was able to improve neutrophil recruitment within the lungs (p = 0.1051) and slightly increased the circulating levels of IgM (p = 0.1655). Furthermore, MIM stimulated the proliferation of CD3-primed T lymphocytes and decreased the secretion of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 in CD14+-derived macrophages. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were finally used to explore the effect of MIM on endothelial cells, in which it slightly increased the expression of immune-related markers such as HLA-I, CD137L, GITRL, PD-L1 and ICAM-1. In conclusion, the present study suggests that MIM might be a promising nonspecific (without antigen specificity) immunostimulant drug in preventing and early treating respiratory infections, but not only exclusively, as it would gently support several facets of the immune system and host defenses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Micro-Immunotherapy Medicine 2LEID Exhibits an Immunostimulant Effect by Boosting Both Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses

Jacques¹,

Chatelais²,

Fekir³

et al. 2021

IJMS

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“…Kidney cell cultures produced high levels of TNF-α and IL-10 but not IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-2, suggesting that the cytokine cell source was predominantly from the innate immunity, probably phagocytes [ 51 , 52 ]. Phagocytes present in kidneys during Candida infections, including macrophages and neutrophils, are associated with fungal clearance and resolution of infection [ 53 ]. However, the renal inflammatory process may result in tissue damage and consequently affect the proper functioning of the organ [ 54 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Candida tropicalis Systemic Infection Redirects Leukocyte Infiltration to the Kidneys Attenuating Encephalomyelitis

Munhoz-Alves

Mimura

Viero

et al. 2021

JoF

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Environmental factors, including infections, are strongly associated with the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), which is an autoimmune and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Although classically associated with bacterial and viral agents, fungal species have also been suspected to affect the course of the disease. Candida tropicalis is an opportunistic fungus that affects immunocompromised individuals and is also able to spread to vital organs. As C. tropicalis has been increasingly isolated from systemic infections, we aimed to evaluate the effect of this fungus on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine model to study MS. For this, EAE was induced in female C57BL/6 mice 3 days after infection with 106 viable C. tropicalis yeasts. The infection decreased EAE prevalence and severity, confirmed by the less inflammatory infiltrate and less demyelization in the lumbar spinal cord. Despite this, C. tropicalis infection associated with EAE results in the death of some animals and increased urea and creatinine serum levels. The kidneys of EAE-infected mice showed higher fungal load associated with increased leukocyte infiltration (CD45+ cells) and higher expression of T-box transcription factor (Tbx21) and forkhead box P3 (Foxp3). Altogether, our results demonstrate that although C. tropicalis infection reduces the prevalence and severity of EAE, partially due to the sequestration of leukocytes by the inflamed renal tissue, this effect is associated with a poor disease outcome.

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“…The data from the present study demonstrated that camel PBL generated a higher CL response with opsonized zymosan than with non-opsonized zymosan and interestingly, PBL from camels generated a significantly higher CL response in the absence of opsonins when compared to PBL from goats, sheep, and cows (unpublished observation). Small et al [43] observed that the CL response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMN) was higher with opsonized zymosan than with non-opsonized zymosan. They attributed this primarily to ic3b, and to a lesser degree to C3b and IgG coated opsonized zymosan.…”

Section: Of Camel Pbl With Zymosan Opsonized With Heat-inactivated Serummentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the oxidative respiratory burst and mitogen-induced leukocyte responses of camels, goats, sheep, and cows

et al. 2022

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Background and Aim: The reports from the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries suggest that camels suffer less compared to goats, sheep, and cows from a number of common infectious diseases in Oman. However, there is no immunological evidence to substantiate this claim. This present study is, therefore, an attempt to study the immunological responses of camels, goats, sheep, and cows by comparing their oxidative respiratory burst of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) as a marker of innate immunity occurring during phagocytosis and the mitogenic responses of their peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBMLs) as a marker of their adaptive immune response. Materials and Methods: Ten female adult animals (n = 10) were selected from each species (goats, sheep, and cows). The goats, sheep, and cows were maintained at the Agricultural Experiment Station, while camels were kept at the Royal Camel Corps (RCC). Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein in 7 mL of heparin and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid vacutainer tubes. The oxidative respiratory burst of PBLs was measured using a chemiluminescence (CL) assay. Reactants consisted of 75 μL of whole blood diluted (1:50), 75 μL of luminol/isoluminol, and 75 μL of zymosan opsonized with non-heat inactivated serum/heat-inactivated serum or non-opsonized zymosan. CL responses were measured as relative light units and expressed as the mean count per minute and peak CL values. The mitogenic response of PBMLs to concanavalin A (Con-A), phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) was tested using a WST-8 assay and read spectrophotometrically at 450 nm. Results: The present findings showed that camel PBLs generate significantly higher CL responses, both intracellularly as well as extracellularly, with zymosan opsonized with autologous serum. Camel PBLs demonstrated a significantly higher (p = 0.001) response when stimulated with zymosan opsonized with heat-inactivated serum compared to those of goat, sheep, and cow lymphocytes from camels exhibited significantly higher (p = 0.001) stimulation indices (SI) with Con-A, PHA, and PWM. Conclusion: The present study suggests that camels are capable of mounting both superior innate as well as adaptive immune responses and provide immunological evidence supporting the belief of some authors, who have proposed that camels are less susceptible to a number of common infectious diseases than other domesticated ruminants.

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The Role of Phagocytes in Immunity to Candida albicans

Cited by 6 publications

References 108 publications

The Micro-Immunotherapy Medicine 2LEID Exhibits an Immunostimulant Effect by Boosting Both Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses

The Micro-Immunotherapy Medicine 2LEID Exhibits an Immunostimulant Effect by Boosting Both Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses

Candida tropicalis Systemic Infection Redirects Leukocyte Infiltration to the Kidneys Attenuating Encephalomyelitis

Comparison of the oxidative respiratory burst and mitogen-induced leukocyte responses of camels, goats, sheep, and cows

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