“…Research has identified several challenges with traditional K-12 science teaching and learning (i.e., lecture-based teaching delivered in a classroom or laboratory) that result in students' disengagement and disconnection of science from their real-world and everyday life (Moreno, 1999). For instance, science education traditionally encourages memorization of elements of scientific knowledge in a siloed fashion (Lee & Grapin, 2022) under the assumption that "teaching science is all about lecturing" (Sanger, 2008), gearing students towards only describing observations made of factual data instead of "making meaning of those observations in ways that are significant" (McNeill & Berland, 2017). These issues, among many others, have prompted educational reform efforts, e.g., in the USA (National Research Council, 2015), and policymaking recommendations, e.g., in Europe (European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, 2015), towards revamping science education to provide rich and meaningful learning experiences through innovative pedagogical practices.…”