The role of phosphatidylglycerol in the in vitro biosynthesis of teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid

Emdur, Larry I.; Chiu, T.H.

doi:10.1016/0014-5793(75)80995-1

Cited by 51 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 8 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In Enterococccus hirae ATCC 9790, Gro-P moieties are added sequentially to the glycolipid acceptor, phosphatidylkojibiosyldiacylglycerol (176). This observation is consistent with the in vivo pulse-chase experiments that implicated phosphatidylglycerol as the donor of Gro-P units (147,185). On the other hand, the discovery of a series of oligophosphoglycerophospholipids derived from phosphatidylglycerol in Streptococcus sanguis suggested that these lipids may be intermediates in the assembly of LTA and that the mechanism of assembly may differ from that observed in E. hirae (92).…”

Section: Pathways Of Lta and Wta Biosynthesissupporting

confidence: 85%

“…For example, in organisms that have the repeating unit -Gro-P-for both LTA and WTA (such as B. subtilis 168), the units are derived from different sources. WTA contains sn-glycerol 3-phosphate derived from CDP-glycerol (78,201), whereas LTA contains snglycerol 1-phosphate derived from phosphatidylglycerol (147,176,315). Because of the different origins of the Gro-P units, the chains are not stereoisomerically identical.…”

Section: Pathways Of Lta and Wta Biosynthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…LTA synthesis. Biosynthesis occurs via the transfer of Gro-P units from phosphatidylglycerol with the formation of elongated LTA and diacylglycerol (80,147,272,469). In Enterococccus hirae ATCC 9790, Gro-P moieties are added sequentially to the glycolipid acceptor, phosphatidylkojibiosyldiacylglycerol (176).…”

Section: Pathways Of Lta and Wta Biosynthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A Continuum of Anionic Charge: Structures and Functions ofd-Alanyl-Teichoic Acids in Gram-Positive Bacteria

Neuhaus

Baddiley

2003

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

908

1,097

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARY Teichoic acids (TAs) are major wall and membrane components of most gram-positive bacteria. With few exceptions, they are polymers of glycerol-phosphate or ribitol-phosphate to which are attached glycosyl and d-alanyl ester residues. Wall TA is attached to peptidoglycan via a linkage unit, whereas lipoteichoic acid is attached to glycolipid intercalated in the membrane. Together with peptidoglycan, these polymers make up a polyanionic matrix that functions in (i) cation homeostasis; (ii) trafficking of ions, nutrients, proteins, and antibiotics; (iii) regulation of autolysins; and (iv) presentation of envelope proteins. The esterification of TAs with d-alanyl esters provides a means of modulating the net anionic charge, determining the cationic binding capacity, and displaying cations in the wall. This review addresses the structures and functions of d-alanyl-TAs, the d-alanylation system encoded by the dlt operon, and the roles of TAs in cell growth. The importance of dlt in the physiology of many organisms is illustrated by the variety of mutant phenotypes. In addition, advances in our understanding of d-alanyl ester function in virulence and host-mediated responses have been made possible through targeted mutagenesis of dlt. Studies of the mechanism of d-alanylation have identified two potential targets of antibacterial action and provided possible screening reactions for designing novel agents targeted to d-alanyl-TA synthesis.

show abstract

Section: Pathways Of Lta and Wta Biosynthesissupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Pathways Of Lta and Wta Biosynthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A Continuum of Anionic Charge: Structures and Functions ofd-Alanyl-Teichoic Acids in Gram-Positive Bacteria

Neuhaus

Baddiley

2003

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

908

1,097

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This glycerol phosphate structure is conserved in many different Gram-positive bacteria including the human pathogens B. anthracis, Enterococcus faecalis, L. monocytogenes, S. agalactiae, and S. pyogenes (18,37). Biosynthesis of LTA has been studied with in vitro experiments using isolated bacterial membranes or toluene-treated cells (38,39). PG was demonstrated to function as substrate for LTA synthesis (39), whereas CDP glycerol, a sn-glycerol-3-phosphate and substrate for WTA assembly, cannot substitute during LTA synthesis (40).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of glycerol phosphate lipoteichoic acid in Staphylococcus aureus

Gründling

Schneewind²

2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

280

375

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a glycerol phosphate surface polymer, is a component of the envelope of Gram-positive bacteria. However, the molecular basis for its synthesis or function is not known. Here we report that Staphylococcus aureus LtaS synthesizes glycerol phosphate LTA. Construction of a mutant S. aureus strain with inducible ltaS expression revealed that LTA synthesis is required for bacterial growth and cell division. An ltaS homologue of Bacillus subtilis restored LTA synthesis and the growth of ltaS mutant staphylococci. Thus, LtaS inhibition can be used as a target to treat human infections caused by antibiotic-resistant S. aureus or other bacterial pathogens.cell division ͉ ltaS ͉ polyglycerol phosphate

show abstract

“…Recently, it was shown that secretion of LTA in Lactobacillus casei was the result of continued phospholipid synthesis following cessation of growth and blebbing of the cytoplasmic membrane from the septum of these cells (35a). Enhanced or continued phospholipid synthesis would supply substrate for polymerization, since diphosphatidylglycerol has been shown to serve as the precursor in the polymerization of LTA (5,11).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular analysis of lipoteichoic acid from Streptococcus agalactiae

Maurer

Mattingly

1991

J Bacteriol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A method for the analysis of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) is described. Purified LTA from Streptococcus agalactiae tended to smear in the upper two-thirds of a 30 to 40% linear polyacrylamide gel, while the chemically deacylated form (cdLTA) migrated as a ladder of discrete bands, reminiscent of lipopolysaccharides. The deacylated polymer appeared to separate in this system on the basis of size, as evident from results obtained from PAGE analysis of cdLTA subjected to limited acid hydrolysis and LTA that had been fractionated by gel filtration. A survey of cdLTA from other streptococci revealed similarities in molecular weight ranges. The polymer from Enterococcus hirae was of a higher molecular weight. This procedure was used to examine the effect of penicillin and chloroamphenicol on the synthesis, turnover, and heterogeneity of LTA in S. agalactiae. Penicillin appeared to enhance LTA synthesis while causing the release of this polymer into the supernatant fluid. In contrast, chloramphenicol inhibited the synthesis of this molecule and resulted in its depletion from the cell surface. Penicillin did not alter the heterogeneity of this polymer, but chloramphenicol caused an apparent shift to a lower-molecular-weight form of the LTA, as determined by PAGE. This shift in the heterogeneity of LTA did not appear to be due to increased carbohydrate substitution, since chloramphenicol did not alter the electrophoretic migration profile of LTA from E. hirae. From a pulse-chase study, it was determined that LTA was released as a consequence of deacylation.Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is an amphiphilic molecule found in most gram-positive bacteria (12). This molecule is a glycerol-phosphate (GP) polymer that extends through the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall and is bound to the cell surface through a hydrophobic interaction between its glycolipid anchor and the cytoplasmic membrane (12). Various functions have been attributed to this polymer; they include scavenging divalent cations (15), regulating autolysin activity (9), and mediating adherence of a number of grampositive bacteria to eucaryotic cells (2,6,8,23,31,33). In this last role, it is believed to play a major role in the pathogenesis of several species of streptococci, including Streptococcus pyogenes, the cause of streptococcal pharyngitis (2), and S. agalactiae, one of the leading causes of neonatal sepsis and meningitis in the United States.A recent study demonstrated differences among clinical isolates of S. agalactiae in terms of the levels of LTA synthesized (30) and the relative binding activity of these strains to human fetal lung epithelial cells (31). The chain length of LTA in S. agalactiae (32) and other gram-positive bacteria has previously been defined as the total number of GP units per terminal GP unit or fatty acids present in the glycolipid (12). In this report, an alternative method for analysis of polymer length by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) is described which allows visualization of th...

show abstract

The role of phosphatidylglycerol in the in vitro biosynthesis of teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid

Cited by 51 publications

References 8 publications

A Continuum of Anionic Charge: Structures and Functions ofd-Alanyl-Teichoic Acids in Gram-Positive Bacteria

A Continuum of Anionic Charge: Structures and Functions ofd-Alanyl-Teichoic Acids in Gram-Positive Bacteria

Synthesis of glycerol phosphate lipoteichoic acid in Staphylococcus aureus

Molecular analysis of lipoteichoic acid from Streptococcus agalactiae

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About