The Role of Plasma Female Sex Hormones on Gingivitis in Pregnancy: A Clinicobiochemical Study

Abstract

Objectives: To correlate the changes in the level of female sex hormones (progesterone, estrogen) in plasma with the changes in severity of gingivitis in various trimesters of pregnancy till the postparturition. Materials and methods:This study comprised of 20 pregnant women with good oral hygiene who were followed up in each trimester till 3rd month of postpartum by screening their oral hygiene status following OHI-S index by Greene and Vermillion. Clinically to correlate gingivitis, gingival index by Loe and Sillness was carried out in each trimester till postpartum. For hormonal assay, blood sampling by venipuncture was done and quantative analysis of the hormones was done by ELISA test. Results and conclusion:The severity of gingivitis gradually increased and reached its peak in 3rd trimester followed by sudden decline in the severity in postpartum which correlated with gradual increase in the plasma level of progesterone and estrogen levels to reach their peak in the 3rd trimester and sudden fall after the postpartum. This study shows the role of female sex hormones in aggravating gingivitis to its peak in the 3rd trimester, even though the oral hygiene remains fairly good constantly.Clinical significance: This study signifies the gingivitis status during different trimesters of pregnancy and postpartum indicating the general practitioner to take appropriate oral hygiene measures.

The Changes of Fecal Steroid Hormones and Bacterial Composition in Different Gestation Stages of Meishan Sows

“…This is similar to the variation pattern of plasma steroid hormone in pregnant women that the level of P 4 and E 2 were significant increased through gestation week 12, 25 and 33 [10], and peak level was found in the third trimester [11,12]. And it also agrees with the tendency of saliva CORT level in gestation women, which was increased across the gestation period [13].…”

Periodontal Health Status and Associated Factors: Findings of a Prenatal Oral Health Program in South Brazil

“…However, a comparison of these results to the present study must be considered with great caution due to methodological variability. Furthermore, considering the known effects of estrogen and progesterone on the periodontium during pregnancy [13, 17, 32–34], it is possible to assume that, at follow-up, women presenting with gingival bleeding in the first trimester would exhibit more extensive gingival tissue inflammation in the second and/or third trimesters of pregnancy.…”

The bidirectional relationship between periodontal disease and pregnancy via the interaction of oral microorganisms, hormone and immune response

“…Progesterone plays an important role in increasing the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in human gingival fibroblasts (HGF; Yokoyama et al, 2005 ). And it can dilate the gingival capillaries and increase capillary permeability by stimulating the endothelial cells through inhibiting cellular antioxidant effect and increasing oxidative stress ( Prakash et al, 2012 ; Yuan et al, 2016 ). The changes in vascular responses and connective tissue turnover in the periodontium indirectly contribute to the increased gingival inflammation ( Silva de Araujo Figueiredo et al, 2017 ).…”