The role of plastic void growth in the fracture of rubber-toughened epoxy polymers

Huang, Yating; Kinloch, A. J.

doi:10.1007/bf00731112

Cited by 82 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…From the observation of the micrographs in Figure 3 it is possible to note the presence of a non-homogeneous void size distribution, with some of the voids larger than the nanorubber diameter (CNBR-NP, 50-100 nm or NBR-NP, 100-150 nm). This fact proves that the debonding mechanism follows a plastic void growth, which is major energy dissipation and hence a toughening micro mechanism [32]. Rubber nano particle debond- ing from the resin matrix occurs at the particle-matrix interface, therefore reducing the degree of stresses acting in the matrix adjacent to the particles.…”

Section: Figure 1 Manufacturing Techniques Used In This Studymentioning

confidence: 84%

Toughening of carbon fibre reinforced polymer composites with rubber nanoparticles for advanced industrial applications

Özdemir¹,

Zhang²,

Aspin³

et al. 2016

Express Polym. Lett.

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Abstract. This study investigates the effects of nano carboxylic acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (CNBR-NP) and nano acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR-NP) on the interlaminar shear strength and fracture toughness of carbon fibre reinforced polymer composites (CFRP) with dicyandiamide-cured epoxy matrix. The results show that nano-size dispersion of rubber significantly improved the Mode I delamination fracture toughness (G IC ) of the CFRP by 250% and its Mode II delamination fracture toughness (G IIC ) by 80% with the addition of 20 phr of CNBR-NP. For the NBR-NP system, the G IC and G IIC delamination fracture toughness of the CFRP were increased by 200 and 80% respectively with the addition of 20 phr (parts per hundred rubber) of nano rubber to the matrix. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the fracture surface revealed that the toughening was mainly achieved by debonding of the nano rubber, crack path deflection and fibre bridging.

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Section: Figure 1 Manufacturing Techniques Used In This Studymentioning

confidence: 84%

Toughening of carbon fibre reinforced polymer composites with rubber nanoparticles for advanced industrial applications

Özdemir¹,

Zhang²,

Aspin³

et al. 2016

Express Polym. Lett.

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“…The energy released by cavitation is negligible and does not contribute to the toughening directly but makes it easy for the matrix to deform plastically, as proven by Bagheri and Pearson et al who found that the toughening efficiency is similar for rubbers with different cavitation resistance and pre-formed voids, which did not involve any cavitation energy [33]. Rubber cavitation, however, is usually followed by plastic void growth extending to the matrix and local shear yielding [34], both of which are believed to be primary toughening mechanisms in rubber filled epoxy. The irreversible plastic void-growth in the matrix dissipates energy and contributes to the enhanced fracture energy, and the local shear yielding can promote plastic deformation in the matrix, which also improves the fracture energy [35].…”

Section: Fracture Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Composites Filled with Rubbery Copolymer Grafted SiO2

Gao

Benicewicz

et al. 2012

Polymers

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This study demonstrated a method for toughening a highly crosslinked anhydride cured DGEBA epoxy using rubbery block copolymer grafted SiO 2 nanoparticles. The particles were synthesized by a sequential reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The inner rubbery block poly(n-hexyl methacrylate) (PHMA) had a glass transition temperature below room temperature. The outer block poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) was matrix compatible. A rubbery interlayer thickness of 100% and 200% of the particle core radius was achieved by grafting a 20 kg/mol and a 40 kg/mol PHMA at a graft density of 0.7 chains/nm 2 from the SiO 2 surface. The 20 kg/mol rubbery interlayer transferred load more efficiently to the SiO 2 cores than the 40 kg/mol rubbery interlayer and maintained the epoxy modulus up to a loading of 10 vol% of the rubbery interlayer. Both systems enabled cavitation or plastic dilatation. Improvement of the strain-to-break and the tensile toughness was found in both systems. We hypothesize that plastic void growth in the matrix is the primary mechanism causing the improvement of the ductility. OPEN ACCESSPolymers 2012, 4 188

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“…hole, growth in the epoxy matrix to occur 13 . Indeed, this is why the void in Figure 5 has not 'closed up', but it clearly visible as an 'open' microcrack.…”

Section: Matrix Plastic Yielding and Particle Cavitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toughening Epoxy Adhesives to Meet Today's Challenges

Kinloch¹

2003

MRS Bull.

Self Cite

183

100

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There are many advantages that polymeric adhesives can offer compared to the more traditional methods of joining such as bolting, brazing, welding, mechanical fasteners, etc.and epoxy adhesives represent the most common type of structural adhesive. When polymerised, epoxy adhesives are amorphous and highly-crosslinked materials and this microstructure results in many useful properties for structural engineering applications, such as a high modulus and failure strength, low creep, and, by careful formulation, good performance at elevated temperatures. However, the structure of such thermosetting adhesives also generally leads to one highly undesirable property in that they are relatively brittle materials, with a poor resistance to crack initiation and growth. Nevertheless, the incorporation of a second phase of dispersed rubbery particles into the epoxy polymer can greatly increase their toughness without significantly impairing the other desirable engineering properties. Thus, such rubber-toughened epoxy adhesives can be used, for example, in applications where a very high impact resistance is required for the adhesivelybonded joint.

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The role of plastic void growth in the fracture of rubber-toughened epoxy polymers

Cited by 82 publications

References 4 publications

Toughening of carbon fibre reinforced polymer composites with rubber nanoparticles for advanced industrial applications

Toughening of carbon fibre reinforced polymer composites with rubber nanoparticles for advanced industrial applications

The Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Composites Filled with Rubbery Copolymer Grafted SiO2

Toughening Epoxy Adhesives to Meet Today's Challenges

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