The Role of Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Counts from Urethra, Cervix, and Vaginal Wet Mount in Diagnosis of Nongonococcal Lower Genital Tract Infection

Randjelovic, Ivana; Moghaddam, Amir; Blasio, Birgitte Freiesleben de; Moi, Harald

doi:10.1155/2018/8236575

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 25 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…3 However, some studies used PMNL values >30 WBC per high-power field for cervicitis. 14,15 From this study, the inflammation defined by PMNL from gram staining at the urethra was significantly associated with NG and CT infections. Those infected with NG were associated with higher PMNL levels than those with CT (3+ or above in NG and 2+ or above in CT).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Association Between the Level of Inflammation at Each Anatomical Sexual Activity from Gram Staining and Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis Infections

Chinhiran¹,

Kittiyaowamarn²,

Bamrungsak³

et al. 2023

Siriraj Med J

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objective: This study aimed to determine the association between the severity of inflammation at each anatomical sexual activity from gram staining with Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infections. Materials & Methods: This study was conducted using laboratory test data from patients at the Bangrak Sexually Transmitted Infections Center. The data obtained consisted of gram staining, which was divided by the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL), NG culture, and Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT) for NG and CT results. Results: For the diagnostic association between PMNL and NG infection, the results revealed that samples with urethral PMNL 3+ or 4+ carried a significant likelihood ratio (LR) for positive infection, LR 5.61 (P<0.001) and LR 59.66 (P<0.001), respectively. Cervical, rectal, and pharyngeal PMNL was not related to infection. For CT infection, urethral gram stains with PMNL levels were greater than or equal to 2+ and cervical specimens with PMNL 4+ were associated with CT infection. Rectal and pharyngeal PMNL showed no significant association with CT infection. Conclusion: Determination of PMNL levels from gram staining contributes to the diagnosis of patients with NG and CT in the urethra, particularly for patients with a high degree of inflammation.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Association Between the Level of Inflammation at Each Anatomical Sexual Activity from Gram Staining and Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis Infections

Chinhiran¹,

Kittiyaowamarn²,

Bamrungsak³

et al. 2023

Siriraj Med J

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Hence, according to these authors, for the diagnosis of C. trachomatis in resource-poor settings endocervical gram smears can be used or where advanced diagnostic facilities are not available. [ 12 ]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Etiology of cervicitis

Bhargava

Bansal

Verma

et al. 2022

Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Considering the changing causative and resistance pattern of agents implicated in sexually transmitted infections (STIs), etiological diagnosis is imperative, especially in countries practicing syndromic management. This study was designed to identify etiological agents associated with cervicitis and to analyze their association with clinical and behavioral profile. Materials and Methods: Female STI clinic attendees presenting with cervico-vaginal discharge were examined for the presence of cervicitis. Endocervical swabs were collected for gram staining and real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed for various bacterial and viral STI agents in patients presenting with cervical discharge. A vaginal swab was also evaluated for bacterial vaginosis by Nugent's criteria. Results: Of 64 patients with vaginal discharge, 26.6% and 12.5% patients complained of genital itching and lower abdominal pain, respectively. Mean of 36.6 pus cells/hpf were observed, appreciably greater number in patients with Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infections ( P = 0.0063 and 0.0032, respectively). Pus cells were high (mean 68 pus cells/hpf) in patients with Ureaplasma urealyticum , though this may be attributed to coexisting N. gonorrhoeae . Agents isolated from endocervix were N. gonorrhoeae, 17 (26.6%), Trichomonas vaginalis, 4 (6.3%), HSV1 and C. trachomatis, 1 each (1.6%), HSV2, 9 (14.1%), U. urealyticum 5 (7.8%), Ureaplasma parvum 26 (40.6%), Mycoplasma genitalium (0%), and Mycoplasma hominis 11 (17.2%). Bacterial vaginosis was diagnosed in 14 (21.9%) patients. Multiple agents were isolated in 10 (two), 6 (three), 6 (four), and 1 (five) patients. Isolation of M. hominis and U. parvum was significantly associated with bacterial vaginosis ( P = 0.04 and 0.003, respectively). Nonusage of condoms and mental stress predisposed to cervicitis. Conclusion: We concluded that there are changing etiological patterns of cervicitis. There is need to use tests that detect wider array of organisms, and can replace standard culture methods with molecular assays, to increase the ability to diagnose more number of organisms implicated in cervicitis.

show abstract

“…We thank Alexander Draschl for the visualization of the final version of the diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm. frontiersin.org Sadoghi et al 10.3389/fmed.2022.931765…”

Section: Acknowledgmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Microscopically, in most settings, diagnosis of urethritis is confirmed if ≥5 PMNL per high power (x1,000) microscopic field are present, of an average of 5 fields (1,4,9). Some authors, however, even chose higher numbers of PMNLs for diagnosis (high cut-off urethritis: ≥10 PMNLs) (10). This contrasts with recent recommendations of The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) which recommends an even lower cut-off (2 PMNLs/HPF; regardless of the presence of symptoms) to define non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) in men (6).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexually transmitted pathogens causing urethritis: A mini-review and proposal of a clinically based diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The purpose of this mini-review was to provide the latest information and concepts on diagnosis and treatment of the most common sexually transmitted pathogens causing urethritis. The incidence of several sexually transmitted infections that cause urethritis is increasing, and this genitourinary syndrome is among the most common reason young men see clinical care. The authors performed a literature search including the currently valid guidelines, and an overview of the most relevant pathogens is given. Moreover, the authors developed a clinically applicable diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm, because early diagnosis and correct treatment can sometimes prevent infected individuals from significant morbidity. Future research will focus on new methods to combat pathogens that cause urethritis, including vaccination.

show abstract

The Role of Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Counts from Urethra, Cervix, and Vaginal Wet Mount in Diagnosis of Nongonococcal Lower Genital Tract Infection

Cited by 5 publications

References 25 publications

Association Between the Level of Inflammation at Each Anatomical Sexual Activity from Gram Staining and Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis Infections

Association Between the Level of Inflammation at Each Anatomical Sexual Activity from Gram Staining and Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis Infections

Etiology of cervicitis

Sexually transmitted pathogens causing urethritis: A mini-review and proposal of a clinically based diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About