The role of prolactin in human breast cancer

Mujagić, Zlata; Srabović, Nahida; Mujagic, Hamza

doi:10.11613/bm.2009.022

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…The limit of detection (LOD) for CEA improved from 15 ng/ mL (manual) to 0.2 ng/mL (automatic), representing a 30-fold improvement, while for CA15-3 the improvement was 2.3-fold (12 U/mL with manual assay, 5.2 U/mL with the automated setup). Both LOD values obtained with the automated immunosensor were well below the clinical cut-off limits commonly accepted in clinical diagnosis for these markers (10 ng/mL for CEA [19] and 30 U/mL for CA15-3 [20]). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 63%

Automated microsystem for electrochemical detection of cancer markers

et al. 2011

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The development of a fully automated microsystem housing an amperometric immunosensor is presented. The microfluidic cell integrates reagent storage and electrochemical immunodetection and was applied for the detection of breast cancer markers. The main advantage of this system is that no external fluidic storage is required and the instrumental setup is thus greatly simplified. The fluidics of the microsystem is computer controlled and requires minimal end-user intervention. The analytical performance of the device was compared with a manually driven system and applied for the amperometric detection of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3). This automation methodology greatly improves the analytical performance of the immunosensor in terms of accuracy and reproducibility as evidenced by a reduction of LOD observed for CEA and CA15-3 with respect to a manually driven system. Finally, the automated microsystem was applied for the analysis of real patient serum samples, demonstrating excellent correlation with a commercial ELISA.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 63%

Automated microsystem for electrochemical detection of cancer markers

et al. 2011

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“…An increased overall cancer risk was found in hyperprolactinemia patients but further investigations are necessary to confirm these results [153]. Data of recent studies suggest positive association between elevated prolactin level and breast cancer risk, predominantly among young, premenopausal women [154].…”

Section: Controversial Associations Between Obesity Related Anovulatomentioning

confidence: 95%

Circulatory Estrogen Level Protects Against Breast Cancer in Obese Women

Suba

2013

Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery

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Literary data suggest apparently ambiguous interaction between menopausal status and obesity-associated breast cancer risk based on the principle of the carcinogenic capacity of estrogen. Before menopause, breast cancer incidence is relatively low and adiposity is erroneously regarded as a protective factor against this tumor conferred by the obesity associated defective estrogen-synthesis. By contrast, in postmenopausal cases, obesity presents a strong risk factor for breast cancer being mistakenly attributed to the presumed excessive estrogen-production of their adipose-tissue mass. Obesity is associated with dysmetabolism and endangers the healthy equilibrium of sexual hormone-production and regular menstrual cycles in women, which are the prerequisites not only for reproductive capacity but also for somatic health. At the same time, literary data support that anovulatory infertility is a very strong risk for breast cancer in young women either with or without obesity. In the majority of premenopausal women, obesity associated insulin resistance is moderate and may be counteracted by their preserved circulatory estrogen level. Consequently, it is not obesity but rather the still sufficient estrogen-level, which may be protective against breast cancer in young adult females. In obese older women, never using hormone replacement therapy (HRT) the breast cancer risk is high, which is associated with their continuous estrogen loss and increasing insulin-resistance. By contrast, obese postmenopausal women using HRT, have a decreased risk for breast cancer as the protective effect of estrogen-substitution may counteract to their obesity associated systemic alterations. The revealed inverse correlation between circulatory estrogen-level and breast cancer risk in obese women should advance our understanding of breast cancer etiology and promotes primary prevention measures. New patents recommend various methods for the prevention and treatment of obesity-related systemic disorders and the associated breast cancer.

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“…It is metabolized by CYP1A1 to pro-duce reactive thalidomide metabolites [78]. There appears to be two routes of metabolism: hydrolysis of the four amide bonds, and CYP450 mediated hydroxylation of the phthalimide and perhaps the glutaramide ring [79]. It was a popular medication to treat anxiety and insomnia, and for morning sickness in pregnant women [80].…”

Section: Thalidomidementioning

confidence: 99%

Placental Drug Disposition and Its Clinical Implications

Weier¹,

He²,

Li³

et al. 2008

CDM

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The placenta is a unique organ that is essential to a healthy and normal pregnancy. A number of phase I and II metabolizing enzymes are expressed at moderate levels in the placenta, and have been proven to have the ability to metabolize certain xenobiotics. Depending on the substrate, this metabolic action may have significant clinical implications on how it affects the fetus. A wide variety of transporters including P-glycoprotein, breast cancer resistance protein, and multidrug resistance associated proteins have also been discovered in the placenta, and while most are found to have mainly physiological substrates, there are a number of xenobiotics which are also able to gain access to the fetus through transport across the placenta. Depending on the xenobiotics and its intended action, drug transport across the placenta may be desired, acceptable or undesirable. Medications administered to the mother but designed to work on the fetus are now being used increasingly, and demonstrates an important clinical implication in which drug transport across the placenta is desirable. However, medications designed to treat the mother but are also able to cross the placenta carry potential risks to damage the developing fetus, and it is therefore essential that the effects of different drugs on the fetus are known before they are administered during pregnancy. There is still much unknown about drug transport and drug metabolism in the placenta, and it is vital that in the future further research is done to discover the clinical implications of these activities in the placenta. This research is often complicated by the fact that it is unethical to run studies in pregnant women, and so research is often carried out in pregnant animals. These results are not always accurate, however, as the human's placental structure is different from the placenta in other animals. Drug metabolism and drug transport across the placenta should continue to be researched, and guidelines need to be developed to ensure that any medications used during pregnancy are safe to both the mother and the fetus, and that successful treatment of the medical condition is carried out.

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The role of prolactin in human breast cancer

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

Automated microsystem for electrochemical detection of cancer markers

Automated microsystem for electrochemical detection of cancer markers

Circulatory Estrogen Level Protects Against Breast Cancer in Obese Women

Placental Drug Disposition and Its Clinical Implications

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