The Role of Propolis Tetragonula Sp. In Oxidative Stress and Its Protective Effect Against Uv Radiation on Cells

Abstract

Objective: This report presents a study the anti-oxidant properties of propolis wax from Tetragonula sp. bees by evaluating the protection ability of propolis towards cells from ultraviolet (UV) exposure. The next evaluation was using a literature study and LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) to find compounds in propolis that are responsible for anti-oxidative stress activity.
 Methods: HEK 293T (Human Embryonic Kidney 293 T) and fibroblast cells line were used. Four tests were performed on the cells, namely: cell proliferation assay using water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST-8); lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and free radicals produced on cells test by measuring fluorescence intensity produced by dichlorofluorescein; cell viability through observation using fluorescence microscope on cells stained with Hoechst and propidium iodide (PI); and reactive oxygen assay (ROS) Assay. Before UV exposure, propolis wax was added to the cells in different concentrations. The authors also analyzed the component in propolis wax using LC-MS.
 Results: Based on this assessment, it was found that propolis wax successfully protects the cells against UV-induced free radicals’ formation by maintaining the cell proliferation rate, reducing the free radicals produced after UV exposure, and decreasing the number of cell death. Nevertheless, we found that a greater concentration of propolis wax tends to be toxic to the cells. While on the LC-MS results obtained about 83 compounds, in which 35 of them are flavonoid and polyphenols derived compounds with antioxidant properties.
 Conclusion: Based on these findings, propolis wax produced Tetragonula sp. can be used as a potential alternative treatment of anti-oxidative stress and anti-free radicals.

Radioprotective Effects from Propolis: A Review

“…bees 4 J/cm 2 of UV A light Human Embryonic Kidney 293 T and fibroblast cells lines Provide protection to cells against the formation of free radicals induced by UV radiation. This protection was achieved by maintaining the cell proliferation rate, reducing the production of free radicals following UV exposure, and decreasing the number of cell deaths [14] EEP: Ethanolic extract of propolis. In mice treated with WSDP, both the number of endogenous and exogenous colony-forming units (CFUs) in the spleen was found to be higher compared to the control group.…”

“…For cell-based studies, six out of eight articles [7][8][9][10][11][12] reflected the use of ionizing radiation in their research, while the other two referenced the application of UV radiation, including UV-B [13] and UV-A [14]. Furthermore, six out of eight articles [7][8][9][10][11]13] indicated the use of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) compared to an aqueous solution of propolis [12] and wax from Tetragonula spp.…”

“…Furthermore, six out of eight articles [7][8][9][10][11]13] indicated the use of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) compared to an aqueous solution of propolis [12] and wax from Tetragonula spp. bees [14]. These species include T. biroi, T. fusco balteata, T. laeviceps and T. sapiens [34], which produce more propolis than other bee species [35].…”

“…In 2011, our group [9] emphasized the importance of comprehensively characterizing the extracts used in studies investigating the biological activities of propolis. This advancement allowed subsequent articles to include detailed analyses of the propolis composition used in radioprotection studies within a few months [10] and in the following years [13,14,25,27,33]. Table 4 presents the broad composition of these preparations or extracts, emphasizing the significance of their composition.…”