Lead is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant; nearly 5% of American children are affected by lead poisoning (a blood lead level (BLL) of 10 μgdL −1 or higher).[1] Even lower BLLs have been shown to cause many subtle health effects in children. Lead, which is found in paint and soil, causes toxicity by several possible mechanisms. Pb 2+ interacts with several zinc enzymes or proteins (such as carbonic anhydrase, acetylcholine esterase, Cys 2 His 2 "zinc-finger" proteins, and acid phophatases) [2,3] and calcium ion binding proteins (calmodulin, calbindin, and troponin C).[4] Inhibition of protein function is induced by alternative coordination number and structural preferences.[5,6] Pb 2+ is a chemically interesting toxin in that it can replace calcium and sometimes zinc in "hard" active sites that are oxygen/nitrogen rich; it can also attack softer ligands, such as all-sulfur-containing zinc ion coordination sites. Among the sulfur-rich targets for Pb 2+ are glutathione and metallothioneines, which cause perturbations of essential metal ion homeostasis.Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), a zinc-dependent enzyme, is inhibited by a femtomolar concentrations of Pb 2+ .[2] ALAD is found in yeast and mammals and is involved in the second step of heme biosynthesis. Pb 2+ -poisoned ALAD blocks the synthesis of hemoglobin, causing anemia in mammals. Furthermore, toxic levels of aminolevulinic acid can result. The crystal structure of ALAD contains an unusual Zn(Cys) 3 H 2 O site, where Zn 2+ is substituted by Pb 2+ in a trigonal pyramidal geometry. [7] The high affinity of Pb 2+ to cysteine thiolates is presumably due to the high enthalpy of Pb-S bond formation and the preferred PbS 3 coordination geometry in thiolate-rich sites of proteins.[8] A number of peptides[9-11] and small-molecule synthetic models [12] have been used to understand the chemistry of the Pb II -poisoned ALAD. UV/Vis and EXAFS studies on the metalloregulatory protein Pb-PbrR691 and Pb 2+ model compounds reveal that Pb 2+ binds in a PbS 3 environment. [13] Heteronuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with nuclei such as 43 Ca, 113 Cd, and 199 Hg has been a powerful tool for studying the active site structures of metalloenzymes and their model compounds. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Similarly, lead provides an NMR active nucleus ( 207 Pb, nuclear spin I = 1/2) with a natural abundance of 22.6% and a relatively good receptivity (11.7 times