The role of response selection for inhibition of task sets in task shifting.

Schuch, Stefanie; Koch, Iring

doi:10.1037/0096-1523.29.1.92

Cited by 273 publications

(616 citation statements)

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“…Meiran et al (2000) argued that while attention could be redirected to a different dimension 9 during the preparation interval, removing the cost to processing of inappropriate attentional orientation, it is only when the participant actually responds that response-set biasing (changing the meaning of the response set) can be accomplished -hence the residual cost. But more recently, Meiran and colleagues concluded on the basis of simulations of the computational model CARIS (Meiran, Kessler, & Adi-Japha, 2008) that response-set biasing may well occur before stimulus onset, whereas attentional re-setting occurs mainly/only after the stimulus has been presented.A related claim about the importance of making a response was made by Schuch and Koch (2003) on the basis of an observation since replicated and extended in a number of studies (see Los & van der Burg, 2010, for a review). On some trials they presented a 'no-go' signal along with the target stimulus, telling the subject to withhold a response.…”

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confidence: 89%

“…While these accounts do not all logically require that the locus of the residual cost is response-selection, that seems to have been the default assumption (e.g., Allport et al, 1994;Meiran, 2000;Waszak et al, 2003;Yeung & Monsell, 2003), and a late locus appears to be intrinsic to the Schuch and Koch (2003) account. We used event-related potentials to localize the effect of a task-switch within the latent interval.…”

Section: Theories Of the (Residual) Task-switch Cost And Its Locusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A change of task prolongs early processes: Evidence from ERPs in lexical tasks.

Elchlepp¹,

Lavric²,

Monsell³

2015

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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Switching tasks costs time. Allowing time to prepare reduces the cost, but usually leaves an irreducible "residual cost". Most accounts of this residual cost locate it within the responseselection stage of processing. To determine which processing stage is affected, we measured event-related potentials (ERPs) as participants performed a reading or a perceptual judgment task and examined the effect of a task-switch on early markers of lexical processing. A task cue preceding a string of blue and red letters instructed the participant either to read the letter string (for a semantic classification in Experiment 1, a lexical decision in Experiment 2), or to judge the symmetry of its color pattern. In Experiment 1, having to switch to the reading task delayed the evolution of the effect of word frequency on the reading task ERP by a substantial fraction of the effect on RT. In Experiment 2, a task switch delayed the onset of the effect of lexical status on the ERP to about the same extent that it prolonged the RT. These effects indicate an early locus of (most of) the residual switch cost: we propose that this reflects a form of task-related attentional inertia. Other findings have implications for the automaticity of lexical access: effects of frequency, lexicality and orthographic familiarity on ERPs in the symmetry task indicated involuntary but attenuated orthographic and lexical processing even when attention was focused on a non-lexical property. 3It is generally harder to switch among several cognitive tasks than to continue to perform just one. A popular way to capture at least part of this multitasking overhead in the laboratory is to conduct a reaction time (RT) experiment in which, on each of a series of trials, a stimulus is presented, and the participant must perform one of several possible tasks. On some trials the task changes, on others it does not, other things being equal. Several such "task-switching" paradigms have been developed and extensively explored over the last two decades. (For reviews see Kiesel, Steinhauser, Wendt, Falkenstein, Jost, Philipp, & Koch, 2010;Monsell, 2003;Vandierendonck, Liefooghe, & Verbruggen, 2010). The most obvious phenomenon they reveal is the substantial cost to performance of a switch of task: the average RT for a correct response is longer (and there are usually more errors) when the task changes than when it does not.The opportunity to prepare for a task before presentation of the stimulus generally reduces this switch cost, but does not eliminate it (Meiran, 1996;Rogers & Monsell, 1995). To manipulate preparation time unconfounded by the time elapsing since the previous performance of a task, task-cuing can be used (Meiran, 1996): each stimulus follows the previous response by a standard interval, and a task cue precedes the stimulus by an interval which is independently manipulated to vary preparation time. As the cue-stimulus interval (CSI) is increased from zero, the RT switch cost reduces to an asymptotic residual cost, usually reached at a CSI of bet...

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confidence: 89%

Section: Theories Of the (Residual) Task-switch Cost And Its Locusmentioning

confidence: 99%

A change of task prolongs early processes: Evidence from ERPs in lexical tasks.

Elchlepp¹,

Lavric²,

Monsell³

2015

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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“…This includes permanent switching between stimulus information, between tasks, and between actions, being particularly demanding when there is high similarity between tasks, for example, because of overlapping stimulus or response categories (Brass et al, 2003;Schuch & Koch, 2003;Meiran, 2000). Switching between two tasks has been associated with activity in the lateral frontal cortex (Braver, Reynolds, & Donaldson, 2003;Brass & von Cramon, 2002;Dove, Pollmann, Schubert, Wiggins, & von Cramon, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Connectivity Separates Switching Operations in the Posterior Lateral Frontal Cortex

Stelzel

Basten

Fiebach

2011

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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Abstract■ Task representations consist of different aspects such as the representations of the relevant stimuli, the abstract rules to be applied, and the actions to be performed. To be flexible in our daily lives, we frequently need to switch between some or all aspects of a task. In the present study, we examined whether switching between abstract task rules and switching between response hands is associated with overlapping regions in the posterior lateral frontal cortex and whether switching between these two aspects of a task representation is neurally implemented by distinct functional brain networks. Subjects performed a cue-based task-switching paradigm where the location of the task cue additionally specified the response hand to be used. Overlapping activity for switching between abstract rules versus response hands was present in the inferior frontal junction area of the posterolateral frontal cortex. This region, however, showed very distinct patterns of functional connectivity depending on the content of the switch: Increased functional connectivity with anterior prefrontal, superior frontal, and hippocampal regions was present for abstract rule switching, whereas response hand switching led to increased coupling with motor regions surrounding the central sulcus. These results reveal that a rather general involvement of the posterior lateral frontal cortex in different switching contexts can be further characterized by highly specific functional interactions with other task-relevant regions, depending on the content of the switch. ■

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“…It has been argued that the engagement in a new task triggers inhibition of the just-executed task, resulting in increased RTs when one has to switch back to this task after only one intermediate trial (e.g., Arbuthnott & Frank, 2000;Mayr & Keele, 2000). Like N Á1 shift cost, the N Á2 repetition cost was supposed to depend to a large degree on interference resolution in the preceding trial (Schuch & Koch, 2003). However, in contrast to NÁ1 shift cost, it is widely accepted that N Á2 repetition cost results from persisting inhibition of a task that was inhibited during interference resolution in the preceding trial.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In task-switching experiments, the difference in reaction time (RT) and error rate between task-repeat and taskswitch trials represents a disadvantage of switching from one task to another, which is usually denoted as (N Á1) shift cost (e.g., Allport, Styles, & Hsieh, 1994;Meiran, 1996;Rogers & Monsell, 1995). It has been suggested that the NÁ1 shift cost depends largely on the resolution of interference in the preceding trial (e.g., Allport & Wylie, 2000;Koch & Philipp, 2005;Schuch & Koch, 2003). However, currently there is a debate whether N Á1 shift cost represents a disadvantage of switching to a task that was inhibited during interference resolution in the preceding trial or an advantage of repeating a task that was activated during interference resolution in the preceding trial (e.g., Dreisbach, Haider, & Kluwe, 2002;Koch & Philipp, 2005;Sohn & Carlson, 2000).…”

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Task inhibition and task repetition in task switching

Philipp

Koch

2006

European Journal of Cognitive Psychology

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In task-switching experiments with three tasks, the relative cost of an N Á2 task repetition (task sequence ABA) compared to a task switch (task sequence CBA) is referred to as N Á2 repetition cost. N Á2 repetition cost is assumed to reflect persisting inhibition of a task that was recently switched away from. In two experiments, we explored whether the occurrence of task repetitions has an influence on the size of the N Á2 repetition cost. The results in both experiments showed a decreased N Á2 repetition cost in conditions in which task repetitions were possible *independent of whether the occurrence of task repetitions was manipulated between subjects (Experiment 1) or within subjects (i.e., block by block, Experiment 2). These results suggest that the occurrence of task repetitions affects the balance of activation and inhibition in task switching.The task-switching paradigm offers a tool for studying the role of cognitive control processes that allow a flexible adaptation of internal settings to changing action requirements. Adopting one internal setting always has to go along with the resolution of interference between competing settings.

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The role of response selection for inhibition of task sets in task shifting.

Cited by 273 publications

References 24 publications

A change of task prolongs early processes: Evidence from ERPs in lexical tasks.

A change of task prolongs early processes: Evidence from ERPs in lexical tasks.

Functional Connectivity Separates Switching Operations in the Posterior Lateral Frontal Cortex

Task inhibition and task repetition in task switching

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