“…Other studies considering carbon-related factors, e.g., cap-and-trade, carbon tax, and carbon emission, have also studied green supply chain coordination [30,45,[47][48][49][50][51], which mainly focus on the manufacturer's green efforts. In addition, some papers have investigated the decisions made with respect to green supply chains under complex supply chain structures, for example, product substitution between green and non-green products ( [29,36,43], among others), and channel competition between two supply chains ( [52,53], among others).…”