The role of RNA m⁵C modification in cancer metastasis

Abstract

Epigenetic modification plays a crucial regulatory role in the biological processes of eukaryotic cells. The recent characterization of DNA and RNA methylation is still ongoing. Tumor metastasis has long been an unconquerable feature in the fight against cancer. As an inevitable component of the epigenetic regulatory network, 5-methylcytosine is associated with multifarious cellular processes and systemic diseases, including cell migration and cancer metastasis. Recently, gratifying progress has been achieved in determining the molecular interactions between m 5 C writers (DNMTs and NSUNs), demethylases (TETs), readers (YTHDF2, ALYREF and YBX1) and RNAs. However, the underlying mechanism of RNA m 5 C methylation in cell mobility and metastasis remains unclear. The functions of m 5 C writers and readers are believed to regulate gene expression at the post-transcription level and are involved in cellular metabolism and movement. In this review, we emphatically summarize the recent updates on m 5 C components and related regulatory networks. The content will be focused on writers and readers of the RNA m 5 C modification and potential mechanisms in diseases. We will discuss relevant upstream and downstream interacting molecules and their associations with cell migration and metastasis.

The Value of m5C-Related lncRNAs in the Prognostic Assessment and Immunotherapy of Stomach Adenocarcinoma

“…N6-Methyladenosine (m6A), N1-methyladenosine (m1A), m5C, N7-methylguanosine (m7G), and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (hm5C) are common types of RNA methylation modifications [ 5 ]. RNA m5C methylation indicates that the fifth C position of RNA cytosine is modified by methylation, which is a major posttranscriptional modification of RNA [ 6 ]. RNA m5C methylation plays an essential role in the regulation of RNA translation, stability, exiting the nucleus, and other biological processes [ 7 ].…”

UHRF1, NSUN2, and NEIL1 were Detected as Clinical Biomarker Candidates in Prostate Adenocarcinoma with Potential Roles in Disease Pathogenesis

“…Localization of DNMT2 as a shuttling protein in the nucleus and cytosol during the cell cycle indicates that this methyltransferase actively modifies nucleic acids in both cellular compartments, which has been validated experimentally for a variety of RNA types besides the DNA [17,19]. Moreover, previous reports demonstrated that the NSUN family could target mRNA, rRNA, mitochondrial DNA, and non-coding RNAs, apart from tRNAs, to add a methyl group to the cytosine base [20]. Aly/REF Export Factor (ALYREF), a reader protein in the m5C pathway, takes a role in exporting mRNAs modified primarily by NSUN2 [21].…”

Prognostic Characteristics and Immune Effects of N6-Methyladenosine and 5-Methylcytosine-Related Regulatory Factors in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

“…We included 23 m6A and 12 m5C regulatory factors based on the literature ( Bohnsack et al, 2019 ; He et al, 2019 ; Zhang et al, 2021 ) (m6A: KIAA1429, WTAP, RBM15, RBM15B, METTL16, METTL3, METTL14, ZC3H13, ALKBH5, FTO, FMRP translational regulator 1 [FMR1], heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 [HNRNPA2B1], HNRNPC, IGFBP1, IGFBP2, IGFBP3, leucine-rich pentatricopeptide repeat-containing [LRPPRC], RBMX, YTHDC1, YTHDC2, YTHDF1, YTHDF2, and YTHDF3; m5C: TET1, TET2, TET3, NSUN2, NSUN3, NSUN4, NSUN5, NSUN6, NOP2, ALYREF, tRNA aspartic acid methyltransferase 1 [TRDMT1], and YBX1). We compared the gene expressions of these regulatory factors between the tumor and normal tissue groups.…”