The role of safety-seeking behaviours in maintaining threat appraisals in psychosis

Gaynor, Keith; Ward, Thomas; Peters, Emmanuelle

doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.10.008

Cited by 38 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Indeed, research has shown that health behaviours prevent proper fear extinction and this effect may be accounted for by high-level cognitive processes such as attention and reasoning (Lovibond, Mitchell, Minard, Brady, & Menzies, 2009). Consistent with this view, previous research has shown that engagement in safety behaviours results in an increase in threat appraisal which then leads to an increase in distress (Gaynor, Ward, Garety, & Peters, 2013). Previous research has also shown that engagement in safety behaviours results in the maintenance of negative judgments about anxiety (Taylor & Alden, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Selective effects of excessive engagement in health-related behaviours on disgust propensity

Olatunji

2014

Cognition and Emotion

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The present study examined the extent to which engagement in health-related behaviours modulate disgust propensity, a purportedly stable personality trait. Participants were randomised into a health behaviour (n = 30) or control condition (n = 30). After a baseline period, participants in the health behaviour condition spent one week actively engaging in a clinically representative array of health-related behaviours on a daily basis, followed by a second week-long baseline period. Participants in the control condition monitored their normal use of health behaviours. Compared to control participants, those in the health behaviour condition reported significantly greater increases in disgust propensity after the health behaviour manipulation. This effect was most robust for contamination disgust propensity and remained significant when controlling for changes in health anxiety and disease fear. In contrast, self-disgust and anxiety sensitivity did not significantly differ between the two groups as a function of the health behaviour manipulation. Mediational analyses were consistent with the hypothesis that changes in the frequency of health-related behaviours, but not changes in health anxiety and disease fear, mediated the effects of the experimental manipulation on changes in contamination disgust propensity. These findings suggest that the purportedly stable personality trait of disgust propensity can be modulated by excessive engagement in health-related behaviours.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Selective effects of excessive engagement in health-related behaviours on disgust propensity

Olatunji

2014

Cognition and Emotion

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“…Individuals without a need for care report higher perceived control over their voices than do people with a need for care. 22 They also display less symptomatic coping 61 (ie, going along with the content of voices), engage in fewer safety behaviors in relation to their anomalous experiences, 62 and score lower on maladaptive response styles in response to experimentally induced anomalous experiences. 63 Voice hearers with a need for care are more likely to attribute their voices to real people or agencies, as opposed to spiritual or religious sources, 19 and generally have more “paranoid” appraisals both of their own experiences 64,65 and of experimentally induced anomalous experiences.…”

Section: What Are the Similarities And Differences In The Avh Reportementioning

confidence: 99%

Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Persons With and Without a Need for Care

Johns

Kompus

Connell

et al. 2014

Schizophrenia Bulletin

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264

248

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Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) are complex experiences that occur in the context of various clinical disorders. AVH also occur in individuals from the general population who have no identifiable psychiatric or neurological diagnoses. This article reviews research on AVH in nonclinical individuals and provides a cross-disciplinary view of the clinical relevance of these experiences in defining the risk of mental illness and need for care. Prevalence rates of AVH vary according to measurement tool and indicate a continuum of experience in the general population. Cross-sectional comparisons of individuals with AVH with and without need for care reveal similarities in phenomenology and some underlying mechanisms but also highlight key differences in emotional valence of AVH, appraisals, and behavioral response. Longitudinal studies suggest that AVH are an antecedent of clinical disorders when combined with negative emotional states, specific cognitive difficulties and poor coping, plus family history of psychosis, and environmental exposures such as childhood adversity. However, their predictive value for specific psychiatric disorders is not entirely clear. The theoretical and clinical implications of the reviewed findings are discussed, together with directions for future research.

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“…Studies that have used the SBQ as well as other interview methodology have reported that the majority of participants use safety‐seeking behaviours. The totals reported range from 82% of participants (Gaynor, Ward, Garety, & Peters, ) to 100% (Freeman et al, ; Nothard et al, ) and include samples of participants with persecutory delusions (Freeman et al, ), auditory (Hacker et al, ), and visual hallucinations (Dudley et al, ). It has been consistently reported that avoidance is the most commonly used strategy followed by in‐situation safety behaviours (Chaix et al, ; Freeman et al, ; Freeman et al, ; Hacker et al, ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An exploration of the relationship between use of safety‐seeking behaviours and psychosis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Tully

Wells

Morrison

2017

Clin Psychology and Psychoth

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Safety-seeking behaviours are responses employed to protect against perceived threat. In relation to anxiety disorders, safety-seeking behaviours have been implicated in both the formation and maintenance of distress. Several studies have highlighted similar findings in relation to psychosis; however, this literature has not yet been synthesized. This review is, therefore, being conducted in order to synthesize the literature on safety seeking in people with psychosis to increase the understanding of this relationship. A systematic search identified and included 43 studies comprising 2,592 participants, published between 1995 and 2015. The results indicated that people experiencing psychosis commonly respond to their experiences with behavioural and cognitive strategies intended to manage their difficulties. In relation to safety seeking, avoidance, and resistance, there was a pattern that these responses are associated with increased distress and appraisals of threat. The results relating to engagement response styles showed the opposite pattern. These results provide support for cognitive models of safety seeking and psychosis with many of the meta-analyses reported here showing a clear pattern of association between behavioural responses and distress. However, the results reported within individual studies are mixed. This appears to be particularly true with the response style of distraction, with our analyses unable to clarify this relationship. It is possible that the mixed results could reflect the complexities in defining safety seeking and distinguishing it from coping in this population. The clinical implications of this are discussed.

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The role of safety-seeking behaviours in maintaining threat appraisals in psychosis

Cited by 38 publications

References 34 publications

Selective effects of excessive engagement in health-related behaviours on disgust propensity

Selective effects of excessive engagement in health-related behaviours on disgust propensity

Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Persons With and Without a Need for Care

An exploration of the relationship between use of safety‐seeking behaviours and psychosis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

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