The Role of Salivary Biomarkers in Monitoring Oral Health in Patients with Implants and Periodontitis

Abstract

Oxidative stress, a physiological process that can damage cells, is known to affect various aspects of oral health. Oxidative stress can influence dental implant longevity and health. Assessing biomarkers of oxidative stress in saliva is beneficial for diagnosing and tracking the progression of oral diseases. A study is made of salivary oxidative stress in patients with dental implants with or without periodontitis. The study consisted of the following groups: Group1 (healthy without dental implants); Group 2 (subjects undergoing periodontal maintenance without dental implants); Group 3 (healthy patients with implants older than six months); and Group 4 (patients undergoing periodontal maintenance with implants older than six months). A complete examination of the oral cavity was made in each patient and a questionnaire was used to assess habits of hygiene, quality of life, and information about the implants. The following parameters were recorded in unstimulated whole saliva: ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and total proteins (TP). A total of 160 patients were studied, with 40 patients per group. The mean oxidative stress biomarker values obtained in the patients without implants and with implants were FRAP 0.590 ± 0.514 and 0.588 ± 0.334 mmol/L (p = 0.974); TEAC 0.320 ± 0.223 and 0.315 ± 0.172 mmol/L (p = 0.879); CUPRAC 0.286 ± 0.216 and 0.288 ± 0.151 mmol/L (p = 0.956); AOPP 456.04 ± 789.75 and 430.65 ± 752.05 µmol/L (p = 0.838); and TP 73.90 ± 50.83 and 70.36 ± 56.93 mg/dL (p = 0.684), respectively. No substantial variations were noted in the salivary oxidative stress biomarker levels between patients with controlled periodontal disease and/or dental implants compared to healthy individuals.

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“…High intakes of carbohydrates can promote oxidative stress and inflammatory responses [65,66]. A recent study showed no significant differences in salivary oxidative stress biomarker values in patients with implants and controlled periodontitis compared to healthy controls [56]. However, the analysis of biomarkers for oxidative stress in saliva is not sufficient at the current state of research to reliably detect tissue damage.…”

“…Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are components of normal cellular metabolism and play an important role in signal transduction and immune defense. An excess of ROS or chronic oxidative stress, however, contribute to increased oxygen load and decreased antioxidant mechanism ability to neutralize ROS, which leads to cell and tissue destruction [50,[54][55][56]. ROS damage biomolecules and cell membranes [57], and impair antioxidant factors [58,59], which correlates with the development and progression of periodontitis [60].…”