The role of salt fog on alteration of dimension stone

Silva, Z.S.G.; Simão, Joaquim

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.06.044

Cited by 33 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In this regard, Lixus is around 4km far from the city of Larache (125000 inhabitants) where major activities are fishing and agriculture. Finally, a potentially important factor in the alteration of the building stone of Lixus could be associated with the presence of salt (NaCl) in the environment, which is related to its location in the proximity of the Atlantic coast (Cardell et al, 2003(Cardell et al, , 2008Colston et al, 2001;Ouacha et al, 2013;Silva and Simăo, 2009;Urosevic et al, 2013). Accordingly, the results of the accelerated artificial aging test of the lithotypes in Lixus indicate a slight increase in the mass after the test, which is interpreted to result from the crystallization of salt inside the pore network ( Figs.…”

Section: Deterioration Related To Climatic Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The building stone of the Roman city of Lixus (NW Morocco): provenance, petrography and petrophysical characterization

Ajanaf

Gómez‐Gras

Navarro

et al. 2020

GeA

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The characterization of building materials is a key tool to assess deterioration processes and improve potential restoration works of archaeological sites. The aim of this paper is to identify and characterize the most important building stones used in the construction of the Roman city of Lixus (Larache, Morocco) by means of petrographic and petrophysical techniques. Based on the visual analysis of the monuments, three major building stones (i.e. lithotypes) have been identified: i) Oligocene sandstones, ii) Quaternary sandstones and iii) Quaternary conglomerates. Based on the analysis of the regional geology and exploitation marks, these three lithotypes have been recognised to crop out in the surroundings of Lixus and the quarries, presumably Roman in origin, recognized. The Oligocene sandstone is the primary building stone in Lixus as it forms and crops out extensively in the Tchemmis hill, at the top of which the city is settled. The Quaternary sandstones and conglomerates, which represent nearshore deposits and eolianites, crop out along the Atlantic coast where they form part of the cliffs next to Larache. Petrographic results indicate that lithotypes differ notably in grain size, ratio of detrital to allochemical components, and the configuration of their porous system. Mechanical analysis shows that the Oligocene sandstones are more resistant to compression than the Quaternary sandstones and conglomerates, the latter exhibiting relatively low compressive strength. The Oligocene sandstones, which display scarce porosity and permeability, show a hydric behaviour characterized by a very low degree of absorption and desorption water, likely resulting from a poor connectivity of the pore network. Contrary to the latter lithotype, the Quaternary sandstones, which exhibit very high porosity and permeability, display a hydric behaviour characterized by high degree of both absorption and desorption of water. This is attributed to the low degree of cementation compared to porosity of this lithotype and the excellent connectivity of the porous network. Finally, Oligocene and Quaternary sandstones do not show a significant weight loss after the accelerated artificial aging test, indicating that both are slightly affected by salt crystallization and presumably ice formation. Results indicate that the relatively fine state of conservation of the building rocks of Lixus is linked to intrinsic factors such as mineralogy and petrophysical characteristics together with the favourable effect of the climatic condition of the study area.

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Section: Deterioration Related To Climatic Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The building stone of the Roman city of Lixus (NW Morocco): provenance, petrography and petrophysical characterization

Ajanaf

Gómez‐Gras

Navarro

et al. 2020

GeA

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“…Threshold E ca = Ca/90° onto rock surfaces, or salt solution penetration into rock-pores causing expansion of existing voids in the rock geometry or secondary minerals genesis [25,26]. Thus two series of samples were weighted and put in a climatic chamber in order to subject them to freeze-thaw tests.…”

Section: Sandstone Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrophobization by Means of Nanotechnology on Greek Sandstones Used as Building Facades

2013

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Modern sustainable architecture indicates the use of local natural stones for building. Greek sandstones from Epirus (Demati, Greece, EN 12440) used as building facades meet aesthetic and have high mechanical properties, but the inevitable interaction between stone materials and natural or anthropogenic weathering factors controls the type, and extent of stone damages. In the present paper, samples of sandstone were treated with a conventional hydrophobic product and four solutions of the same product, enriched with nanosilica of different concentrations. The properties of the treated samples, such as porosity and pore size distribution, microstructure, static contact angle of a water droplet, and durability to deterioration cycles (freeze-thaw) were recorded and conclusions were drawn. The research indicates the increased hydrophobic properties in nanosilica solutions but also the optimum content in nanoparticles that provides hydrophobicity without altering the properties of the stone

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“…A number of researchers have attempted to investigate decay patterns of granitic stones induced by salt crystallization (Cardell et al 2003;Sousa et al 2017). Variations in physicomechanical and surface properties of granitic stones due to salt crystallization test have been analyzed in the laboratory (Alonso et al 2008;Silva and Simão 2009;López-Arce et al 2010;Vázquez et al 2013;Vázquez and Alonso 2015;Momeni et al 2015Momeni et al , 2017. The influence of some key parameters such as initial microcrack density and porosity (Sousa et al 2005;Sousa 2014), pore size distribution (Rivas et al 2010;Sousa et al 2018), and initial physico-mechanical properties (Jamshidi et al 2013) on durability of granitic stones against salt crystallization aging test has been investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial microcracking of granites subjected to salt crystallization aging test

Zalooli

Khamehchiyan

Nikudel

et al. 2020

Bull Eng Geol Environ

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Salt crystallization-induced decay of Vardavard granodiorite and Shirkouh monzogranite, two Iranian building stones, were assessed with two non-destructive methods: saturation-buoyancy technique and P-and S-wave velocity measurement. Moreover, polarized and fluorescence microscopy studies were used to evaluate the behavior of the studied stones at microscopic scale against a salt crystallization aging test. The aging test extended pre-existing microcracks and generated new ones. Intracrystalline microcracking was the most predominant microcrack type for both samples. Fine-grained Vardavard granodiorite experienced higher intercrystalline microcracking than coarse-grained Shirkouh monzogranite. The microcracking mechanism of feldspars substantially depends on their alteration degree and microstructural precursors. When a growing microcrack reaches a biotite, it propagates within the crystal if the growing microcrack coincides with the cleavage plane; otherwise, it propagates as an intercrystalline one. The increase in maximum microcrack length of the samples was higher than the increase in their mean microcrack length. Low-strength Vardavard granodiorite showed higher microcrack width after the aging test. Dry weight loss in low-strength Vardavard granodiorite was more pronounced than in high-strength Shirkouh monzogranite. Dry unit weight decreased at a higher rate than saturated unit weight with the increase of effective porosity. The reduction in ultrasonic wave velocities and the increment in effective porosity and water absorption were more pronounced for Vardavard granodiorite, indicating a higher degree of decay, i.e., higher microcrack generation, enlargement, and widening. Shirkouh monzogranite, which has large-sized crystals and pores, wider initial microcracks, high tensile strength, and low effective porosity and microcrack density, was more durable than Vardavard granodiorite.

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The role of salt fog on alteration of dimension stone

Cited by 33 publications

References 6 publications

The building stone of the Roman city of Lixus (NW Morocco): provenance, petrography and petrophysical characterization

The building stone of the Roman city of Lixus (NW Morocco): provenance, petrography and petrophysical characterization

Hydrophobization by Means of Nanotechnology on Greek Sandstones Used as Building Facades

Artificial microcracking of granites subjected to salt crystallization aging test

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