The role of sampling by cotton swab in the molecular diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis

Daoui, Othmane; Kbaich, Mouad Ait; Mhaidi, Idris; Kacem, Sofia El; Andaloussi, Lamia Hjiyej; Akarid, Khadija; Lemrani, Meryem

doi:10.1111/tbed.13886

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…DNA may be acquired from a vast range of clinical specimens, and each approach has varying advantages in terms of diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, ease of collection, transport and storage and invasiveness. For CL, the punch biopsy is the most commonly performed diagnostic procedure, but less invasive sampling can be achieved by using skin scrapings, fine needle aspiration and swabs, although sensitivity is sacrificed with these methods [ 131 – 134 ]. For post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis, split skin smears and skin biopsies are most commonly used [ 135 ].…”

Section: Methods For the Detection And Diagnosis Of Leishmaniasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory diagnostics for human Leishmania infections: a polymerase chain reaction-focussed review of detection and identification methods

et al. 2022

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Leishmania infections span a range of clinical syndromes and impact humans from many geographic foci, but primarily the world’s poorest regions. Transmitted by the bite of a female sand fly, Leishmania infections are increasing with human movement (due to international travel and war) as well as with shifts in vector habitat (due to climate change). Accurate diagnosis of the 20 or so species of Leishmania that infect humans can lead to the successful treatment of infections and, importantly, their prevention through modelling and intervention programs. A multitude of laboratory techniques for the detection of Leishmania have been developed over the past few decades, and although many have drawbacks, several of them show promise, particularly molecular methods like polymerase chain reaction. This review provides an overview of the methods available to diagnostic laboratories, from traditional techniques to the now-preferred molecular techniques, with an emphasis on polymerase chain reaction-based detection and typing methods. Graphical abstract

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Section: Methods For the Detection And Diagnosis Of Leishmaniasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory diagnostics for human Leishmania infections: a polymerase chain reaction-focussed review of detection and identification methods

et al. 2022

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“…Adams and co-workers found that a lesional swab processed with Qiagen ® DNA extraction was the most efficient, sensitive, and specific recovery method for Leishmania DNA, when compared with aspirate samples, which were also more painful and more complicated to obtain [ 61 ]. This approach has now been further validated in several other studies that support the use of cotton swabs for the non-invasive collection of diagnostic material for subsequent PCR analysis [ 62 – 65 ]. Although rubbing over the lesion with cotton swabs potentially yields a low parasitic load, several studies have indicated that the choice of the subsequent nucleic acid extraction and amplification method influences the results obtained with cotton swab collection [ 61 , 63 ].…”

Section: Laboratory Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Although rubbing over the lesion with cotton swabs potentially yields a low parasitic load, several studies have indicated that the choice of the subsequent nucleic acid extraction and amplification method influences the results obtained with cotton swab collection [ 61 , 63 ]. Moreover, the minimally invasive cotton swab collection method could be useful for children or in cases where the cosmetic outcome is of importance, such as in patients with facial lesions [ 65 ].…”

Section: Laboratory Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A 2022 Updated Narrative Review into Diagnosis and Management Developments

2022

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This review is an update of an earlier narrative review published in 2015 on developments in the clinical management of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) including diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control measurements. CL is a vector-borne infection caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania . The vector is the female sandfly. Globally, CL affects 12 million cases and annually 2 million new cases occur. CL is endemic in almost 100 countries and the total risk population is approximately 350 million people. WHO lists CL an emerging and uncontrolled disease and a neglected tropical disease. Local experience-based evidence remains the mainstay for the management of CL. Whereas intralesional therapeutic options are the first treatment option for most CL patients, those with mucocutaneous and disseminated involvement require a systemic therapeutic approach. Moreover, different Leishmania species can vary in their treatment outcomes. Therefore, species determination is critical for optimal CL clinical management. New DNA techniques allow for relatively easy Leishmania species determination, yet they are not easily implemented in resource-limited settings. There is a desperate need for novel, less toxic, and less painful treatment options, especially for children with CL. Yet, the large and well conducted studies required to provide the necessary evidence are lacking. To further control and potentially eliminate CL, we urgently need to improve vector control, and diagnostics, and we require efficient and safe vaccines. Alas, since CL primarily affects poor people, biotechnical companies dedicate little investment into the research programs that could lead to diagnostic, pharmaceutical, and vaccine innovations.

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“…The accuracy of swabbing, another patient-friendly technique, was assessed in an endemic area of Morocco. The molecular detection of Leishmania from swab samples was less sensitive than the traditional techniques, and this could be due to the low parasitic load obtained from swab samples [ 75 ]. Moreover, to assess Leishmania infection, patients urine was also found to be useful as a diagnostic tool in the surveillance of CL and VL [ 76 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission patterns of Leishmania tropica around the Mediterranean basin: Could Morocco be impacted by a zoonotic spillover?

et al. 2022

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Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) due to Leishmania tropica is a neglected tropical disease characterized by a wide geographical distribution in the Mediterranean basin and is endemic in several of its countries. In addition, the vector Phlebotomus sergenti is abundantly present all around the basin. Its transmission cycle is still subject to debate. In some countries, the presence of an animal reservoir has been confirmed. In Morocco, CL due to L. tropica has risen since the 1980s and has spread widely to become the most abundant form of leishmaniasis in the territory. However, the anthroponotic transmission is so far the only recognized mode, despite recordings of L. tropica infection in animal hosts. In this review article, we assess the situation of CL due to L. tropica in the Mediterranean basin with a focus on Morocco and gather knowledge about any potential zoonotic transmission in the country. A concomitant zoonotic transmission could explain the persistence of the disease in areas where human protective measures combined with vector management did not help reduce the disease burden.

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The role of sampling by cotton swab in the molecular diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis

Cited by 6 publications

References 28 publications

Laboratory diagnostics for human Leishmania infections: a polymerase chain reaction-focussed review of detection and identification methods

Laboratory diagnostics for human Leishmania infections: a polymerase chain reaction-focussed review of detection and identification methods

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A 2022 Updated Narrative Review into Diagnosis and Management Developments

Transmission patterns of Leishmania tropica around the Mediterranean basin: Could Morocco be impacted by a zoonotic spillover?

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