The Role of Script and Phonology in Lexical Representation

Brown, Heather; Sharma, Nikhil; Kirsner, Kim

doi:10.1080/14640748408402173

Cited by 33 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…These results showed that reliable priming was consistently confirmed in both matched-script and cross-script conditions between the study and test phases, thereby replicating previous findings concerning script manipulations (Brown et al, 1984;Feldman & Moskovljevic, 1987;Naito & Komatsu, 1988). In thepresent experiment, however, differential effects of the script change on the size of priming were predicted between thetwo cross-script conditions, Katakana-study/Hiragana-test and Hiraganastudy/Katakana-test, following the explanation in terms of an imaging strategy during the encoding phase.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 78%

“…As introduced earlier, Naito and Komatsu (1988, Experiment 1) demonstrated the reliable size of cross-script priming between Kanji and Kana, although priming was greater in the matched-script condition. The similar pattern of cross-script priming has also been reported using the two types of visually distinct scripts, Hindi and Urdu (Brown, Sharma, & Kirsner, 1984) and Roman and Cyrillic (Feldman & Moskovljevic, 1987). Because both of the two distinct scripts were orthographically familiar in these previous studies, and, hence, one might have induced the visual image of the other, it is possible to explain the cross-script priming relying on the use of an imaging strategy.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 54%

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Repetition priming with Japanese Kana scripts in word-fragment completion

Komatsu

Naito

1992

Memory & Cognition

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Manipulating two types of Japanese Kana script, Katakana and Hiragana, we examined the effects of a script change between study and test on later word-fragment completion. Throughout three experiments, materials were composed of foreign loan nouns normally written in Katakana, but not in Hiragana, according to approved usage in Japanese. Experiment 1 demonstrated the reliable size of cross-script priming between Katakana and Hiragana. In Experiment 2, crossmodal priming was substantial when modality of presentation was changed from auditory to visual. In Experiment 3, generating a target word from its definition induced priming comparable in size to that in the prior reading condition. These results have been confirmed in the Hiragana test, as well as in the Katakana test, thereby suggesting that some conceptual and modalityindependent processes may also mediate repetition priming.The concepts of implicit and explicit memory have been introduced by Graf and Schacter (1985) as useful descriptive terms to distinguish between two forms of memory: "Implicit memory is revealed when performance on a task is facilitated in the absence of conscious recollection; explicit memory is revealed when performance on a task requires conscious recollection of previous experiences" (p. 501). With regard to experimental situations, explicit memory is assessed by traditional recall and recognition tests, whereas implicit memory is closely related to repetition or direct priming, which refers to the facilitative effect of prior processing of a specific episode on performance in word-fragment completion, perceptual identification, and lexical decision.' Recent research on memory hasfocused much attention on the relation between implicit and explicit memory. Richardson-Klavehn and Bjork (1988) and Schacter (1987) have extensively reviewed striking and stable dissociations between these two forms of memory, although some parallel effects have also been reported. In the present study, we concentrated on two issues concerning these dissociations: the effect of a study-test change in surface features and the effect of prior generation on implicit and explicit memory performance.Some critical evidence for the differential effects of surface features on implicit and explicit memory has come from the findings on study-test modality shifts: Repetition priming is reduced by a change of presentation mo-

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 54%

Repetition priming with Japanese Kana scripts in word-fragment completion

Komatsu

Naito

1992

Memory & Cognition

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“…Once again, little priming was obtained when items were spoken at study (6 msec averaging across studies), suggesting that cross-script priming was mediated by abstract orthographic codes. Lending further support to this conclusion, abstract word priming effects have been obtained between visually unrelated Hindi and Urdu scripts (Brown, Sharma, & Kirsner, 1984) and between Cyrillic and Roman scripts (Feldman & Moskovljevic, 1987). It should be noted, however, that the latter studies did not compare abstract visual priming with crossmodal priming, and thus it is possible that the effects were mediated by phonological or semantic representations.…”

Section: The Influence Of Various Contextual Variables On Primingmentioning

confidence: 70%

In defense of abstractionist theories of repetition priming and word identification

2000

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There is a great deal of interest in characterizing the representations and processes that support visual word priming and written word identification more generally. On one view, these phenomena are supported by abstract orthographic representations that map together visually dissimilar exemplars of letters and words (e.g., the letters Ala map onto a common abstract letter code a*), On a second view, orthographic codes consist in a collection of episodic representations of words that interact in such a way that it sometimes looks as if there are abstract codes. Tenpenny (1995) contrasted these general approaches and concluded by endorsing the episodic account, arguing that no evidence demands that we posit abstract orthographic representations. This review reconsiders the evidence and argues that a variety of priming and nonpriming research strongly supports the conclusion that abstract orthographic codes exist and support priming and word identification. On this account, episodic representations are represented separately from abstract orthographic knowledge and contribute minimally to these functions.There is a great deal of interest in characterizing the representations and processes that support the improved processing of stimuli repeated during an experiment-the repetition priming effect. Indeed, two different types of repetition priming have been intensively studied from two quite different perspectives. On the one hand, researchers interested in memory have tended to focus on long-term repetition priming, in which facilitation can last minutes, hours, and sometimes longer (Sloman, Hayman, Ohta, Law, & Tulving, 1988). For example, participants are generally faster and more accurate in making lexical decisions to test words encoded a few minutes or hours previously in a study list (see, e.g., Scarborough, Cortese, & Scarborough, 1977). On the other hand, researchers interested in language processing have tended to focus on short-term repetition priming in order to address questions regarding how single words are identified. In a typical short-term priming task, a pattern mask (e.g., ######) is replaced by a prime word that is briefly flashed (e.g., 50 msec), which in turn is replaced by the target. Under these conditions, primes are typically unnoticed by the participants, but these items nevertheless facilitate processing of targets when the prime and target are the same. One key attribute of masked priming is that it lasts only a few seconds (e.g., Forster & Davis, 1984).Among memory researchers, interest in long-term repetition priming was inspired by the observation that densely amnesic patients show robust (sometimes normal) priming despite poor (sometimes chance) performance I thank Chad Marsolek, Michael Masson, Kate Nation, and Keith Rayner for valuable suggestions that greatly improved this paper. Correspondence should be addressed to 1. S. Bowers, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, 8 Woodland Road, Bristol SS8 lIN, England (e-mail: j.bowers@bris.ac.uk). 83on explicit re...

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“…For example, robust priming is obtained between upper-and lowercase English words that share few perceptual features (Bowers, 1996) and between visually unrelated scripts of a language, such as the Kanji/Hiragana scripts of Japanese (Bowers & Michita, 1998), the Hindi/ Urdu scripts of Hindustani used in Northern India (Brown, Sharma, & Kirsner, 1984), and the Roman/Cyrillic scripts of Serbo-Croatian (Feldman & Moskovljevic, 1987). In addition, robust priming is obtained between morphologically related words (e.g., cars/car), and these effects cannot be attributed to the perceptual overlap between items, given that little or no priming is obtained between nonmorphologically related words that share the same degree of perceptual overlap, such as card/car (see, e.g., Bowers, Damian, & Havelka, 1999;Napps & Fowler, 1987).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%