The role of Serratia marcescens in soft contact lens associated ocular infections

Parment, Per Arne

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0420.1997.tb00253.x

Cited by 43 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…The isolation rate of S. marcescens from contact lens-coupled corneal infections ranges from 5 to 28%; almost comparable to the isolation rate of P. aeruginosa in contact lens-related keratitis [69,167]. S. marcescens is a motile gram negative rod abundantly dispersed in nature and contributes to contact lens-related keratitis [141,142].…”

Section: Bacterial Keratitismentioning

confidence: 87%

“…In particular, the ability of S. aureus to develop antibiotic resistance makes this infection among the most difficult one to treat [10]. This, along with Serratia marcescens, which once was considered a harmless saprophyte, has now been increasingly isolated from the corneal surfaces of keratitis patients [142]. The isolation rate of S. marcescens from contact lens-coupled corneal infections ranges from 5 to 28%; almost comparable to the isolation rate of P. aeruginosa in contact lens-related keratitis [69,167].…”

Section: Bacterial Keratitismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pathogenesis of microbial keratitis

Lakhundi

Siddiqui

Khan

2017

Microbial Pathogenesis

181

121

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Microbial keratitis is a sight-threatening ocular infection caused by bacteria, fungi, and protist pathogens. Epithelial defects and injuries are key predisposing factors making the eye susceptible to corneal pathogens. Among bacterial pathogens, the most common agents responsible for keratitis include Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumonia and Serratia species. Fungal agents of corneal infections include both filamentous as well as yeast, including Fusarium, Aspergillus, Phaeohyphomycetes, Curvularia, Paecilomyces, Scedosporium and Candida species, while in protists, Acanthamoeba spp. are responsible for causing ocular disease. Clinical features include redness, pain, tearing, blur vision and inflammation but symptoms vary depending on the causative agent. The underlying molecular mechanisms associated with microbial pathogenesis include virulence factors as well as the host factors that aid in the progression of keratitis, resulting in damage to the ocular tissue. The treatment therefore should focus not only on the elimination of the culprit but also on the neutralization of virulence factors to minimize the damage, in addition to repairing the damaged tissue. A complete understanding of the pathogenesis of microbial keratitis will lead to the rational development of therapeutic interventions. This is a timely review of our current understanding of the advances made in this field in a comprehensible manner. Coupled with the recently available genome sequence information and high throughput genomics technology, and the availability of innovative approaches, this will stimulate interest in this field.

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Section: Bacterial Keratitismentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Bacterial Keratitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenesis of microbial keratitis

Lakhundi

Siddiqui

Khan

2017

Microbial Pathogenesis

181

121

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“…This organism has emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen associated with respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, sepsis, wound infections, and conjunctivitis among wearers of contact lenses (13,19,27). Environmental isolates of S. marcescens express the red, cell-associated pigment prodigiosin, but identification of most clinical isolates must rely on other biochemical markers because the majority are not pigmented (13,27).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic Analysis of Growth Rate, ATP, and Pigmentation Suggests an Energy-Spilling Function for the Pigment Prodigiosin ofSerratia marcescens

Haddix¹,

Jones²,

Patel³

et al. 2008

J Bacteriol

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Serratia marcescens is a gram-negative environmental bacterium and opportunistic pathogen. S. marcescens expresses prodigiosin, a bright red and cell-associated pigment which has no known biological function for producing cells. We present here a kinetic model relating cell, ATP, and prodigiosin concentration changes for S. marcescens during cultivation in batch culture. Cells were grown in a variety of complex broth media at temperatures which either promoted or essentially prevented pigmentation. High growth rates were accompanied by large decreases in cellular prodigiosin concentration; low growth rates were associated with rapid pigmentation. Prodigiosin was induced most strongly during limited growth as the population transitioned to stationary phase, suggesting a negative effect of this pigment on biomass production. Mathematically, the combined rate of formation of biomass and bioenergy (as ATP) was shown to be equivalent to the rate of prodigiosin production. Studies with cyanide inhibition of both oxidative phosphorylation and pigment production indicated that rates of biomass and net ATP synthesis were actually higher in the presence of cyanide, further suggesting a negative regulatory role for prodigiosin in cell and energy production under aerobic growth conditions. Considered in the context of the literature, these results suggest that prodigiosin reduces ATP production by a process termed energy spilling. This process may protect the cell by limiting production of reactive oxygen compounds. Other possible functions for prodigiosin as a mediator of cell death at population stationary phase are discussed.Serratia marcescens is a ubiquitous environmental bacterium which has been isolated from soil, water, and insects (6). This organism has emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen associated with respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, sepsis, wound infections, and conjunctivitis among wearers of contact lenses (13,19,27). Environmental isolates of S. marcescens express the red, cell-associated pigment prodigiosin, but identification of most clinical isolates must rely on other biochemical markers because the majority are not pigmented (13,27).Prodigiosin has been traditionally known as a secondary metabolite: it has no clearly defined function in cellular metabolism (4). Several physiological processes in S. marcescens, including prodigiosin pigmentation and biofilm formation, are activated at high cell density by quorum-sensing mechanisms (26,28,30). Low phosphate concentrations and temperatures below 37°C favor strong pigmentation (29). At least 12 pigmentation (pig) genes (A through J; M and N), arranged as part of a larger pig operon, encode enzymes for prodigiosin biosynthesis. In addition, a suite of regulatory proteins provides fine genetic control at the level of transcription. Quorum-sensing regulation of pig operon expression is mediated by SmaR and SmaI (secondary metabolite activator) (24, 25). SmaR is a repressor with DNA binding activity (8); transcriptional repression is mi...

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“…[16][17][18] S. marcescens, like P. aeruginosa, is another ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen associated with contact lens-associated keratitis as well as some cases of endophthalmitis. 13,14,19 Conjunctival infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, generally hyperacute, can progress into keratoconjunctivitis due to the bacterium's ability to penetrate intact corneal epithelium and is associated with a risk of corneal perforation. 5,20,21 Epidemics of gonococcal keratoconjunctivitis in adults have been reported.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,7 Conjunctival infections caused by P. aeruginosa, S. marcescens, and Neisseria spp., all Gram-negative bacteria, are of concern to eye care practitioners due to their severity and potential for sequelae, if not successfully treated. 5,[10][11][12][13][14][15] P. aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen and a well-known risk factor for bacterial keratitis; as many as one-third of cases associated with contact lens wear are attributed to P. aeruginosa. [16][17][18] S. marcescens, like P. aeruginosa, is another ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen associated with contact lens-associated keratitis as well as some cases of endophthalmitis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical outcomes with besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension 0.6% in the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis due to potentially consequential pathogens

Comstock¹,

Morris²,

Gearinger³

et al. 2014

OPTO

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Purpose: Besifloxacin is a chlorofluoroquinolone approved for use in the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. This study assessed the clinical efficacy of besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension 0.6% against conjunctivitis infections caused by potentially consequential pathogens. Design: Post hoc analysis of clinical outcomes for patients with conjunctival infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Neisseria spp., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) who were treated with besifloxacin in four multicenter, double-masked, randomized clinical trials. Methods: Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of besifloxacin against potentially consequential pathogens were pooled. Clinical outcome data for patients treated with besifloxacin with baseline infections due to these pathogens were pooled and summarized. Bacterial eradication was defined as the absence of ocular bacterial species present at or above threshold at baseline. Results: A total of 1,317 patients had culture-confirmed bacterial conjunctivitis across the four studies, and 151 infections were due to the aforementioned pathogens (P. aeruginosa n=9; S. marcescens n=10; Neisseria spp. n=16; MRSA n=35; MRSE n=81). Among MRSA and MRSE infections, 48.3% demonstrated concurrent ciprofloxacin resistance (ciprofloxacinresistant [CipR]-MRSA n=24; CipR-MRSE n=32). The MIC 90 (MIC for 90% of isolates) for besifloxacin was 1 µg/mL for S. marcescens, 0.25 µg/mL for Neisseria spp., 0.06 µg/mL for both ciprofloxacin-sensitive MRSA and ciprofloxacin-sensitive MRSE, and 4 µg/mL for both CipR-MRSA and CipR-MRSE. Against P. aeruginosa, the MIC range was 1-4 µg/mL. Bacterial eradication rates in patients treated with besifloxacin were 100% by the first follow-up visit for infections due to P. aeruginosa, S. marcescens, and Neisseria spp. and 87.8% by the second follow-up visit for infections due to MRSA and MRSE. Conclusion: The use of besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension 0.6% in the treatment of conjunctival infections due to potentially consequential pathogens resulted in high rates of bacterial eradication.

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The role of Serratia marcescens in soft contact lens associated ocular infections

Cited by 43 publications

References 56 publications

Pathogenesis of microbial keratitis

Pathogenesis of microbial keratitis

Kinetic Analysis of Growth Rate, ATP, and Pigmentation Suggests an Energy-Spilling Function for the Pigment Prodigiosin ofSerratia marcescens

Clinical outcomes with besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension 0.6% in the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis due to potentially consequential pathogens

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