The role of serum circulating microbial toxins in severity and cytokine storm of COVID positive patients

Fallah, Arezoo; Sedighian, Hamid; Behzadi, Elham; Havaei, Seyed Asghar; Kachuei, Reza; Fooladi, Abbas Ali Imani

doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105888

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 125 publications

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“…Initial reports indicated that severe SARS-CoV-2 infection could leave patients predisposed to secondary co-infections from opportunistic pathogens, particularly to bacterial pneumonia, which may have accounted for a portion of COVID-19-related deaths (Zuo et al, 2020;Fazel et al, 2023). Consequently, there was a marked increase in antibiotics use in 2020 compared to 2019, both in Italy and across the world (Hussein et al, 2022;Stoichitoiu et al, 2022;Perrella et al, 2023).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The pediatric gut bacteriome and virome in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection

Piazzesi,

Pane,

Del Chierico

et al. 2024

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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IntroductionSince the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in early 2020, it has been apparent that children were partially protected from both infection and the more severe forms of the disease. Many different mechanisms have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, including children’s frequent exposure to other upper respiratory infections and vaccines, and which inflammatory cytokines they are more likely to produce in response to infection. Furthermore, given the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the intestine and its ability to infect enterocytes, combined with the well described immunomodulatory capabilities of the microbiome, another potential contributing factor may be the presence of certain protective microbial members of the gut microbiota (GM).MethodsWe performed shotgun metagenomic sequencing and profiled both the bacteriome and virome of the GM of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 patients compared to healthy, age-matched subjects.ResultsWe found that, while pediatric patients do share some pro-inflammatory microbial signatures with adult patients, they also possess a distinct microbial signature of protective bacteria previously found to be negatively correlated with SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and COVID-19 severity. COVID-19 was also associated with higher fecal Cytomegalovirus load, and with shifts in the relative abundances of bacteriophages in the GM. Furthermore, we address how the preventative treatment of COVID-19 patients with antibiotics, a common practice especially in the early days of the pandemic, affected the bacteriome and virome, as well as the abundances of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in these patients. DiscussionTo our knowledge, this is the first study to address the bacteriome, virome, and resistome of pediatric patients in response to COVID-19 and to preventative antibiotics use.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The pediatric gut bacteriome and virome in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection

Piazzesi,

Pane,

Del Chierico

et al. 2024

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…This virus can cause common cold to more severe illnesses, such as SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 [ 2 , 3 ]. The most prominent clinical symptoms of this disease are dry cough, shortness of breath, fever, and fluid accumulation in the interstitial space of the lungs and chest cavity [ 4 , 5 ]. Respiratory viruses, such as coronaviruses and influenza viruses, can cause acute damage to lung epithelial cells, allowing other pathogens to infiltrate the affected area.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction Between SARS-CoV-2 and Pathogenic Bacteria

et al. 2023

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The novel human coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which results in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has caused a serious threat to global public health. Therefore, many studies are performed on the causes and prevalence of this disease and the possible co-occurrence of the infection with other viral and bacterial pathogens is investigated. Respiratory infections predispose patients to co‐infections and these lead to increased disease severity and mortality. Numerous types of antibiotics have been employed for the prevention and treatment of bacterial co‐infection and secondary bacterial infections in patients with a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although antibiotics do not directly affect SARS‐CoV‐2, viral respiratory infections often result in bacterial pneumonia. It is possible that some patients die from bacterial co‐infection rather than virus itself. Therefore, bacterial co‐infection and secondary bacterial infection are considered critical risk factors for the severity and mortality rates of COVID‐19. In this review, we will summarize the bacterial co‐infection and secondary bacterial infection in some featured respiratory viral infections, especially COVID‐19.

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