The role of shale content and pore-water saturation on frictional properties of simulated carbonate faults

Ruggieri, Roberta; Scuderi, M. M.; Trippetta, Fabio; Tinti, Elisa; Brignoli, M.; Mantica, S.; Petroselli, S.; Osculati, Lorenzo; Volonté, Giorgio; Collettini, Cristiano

doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2021.228811

Cited by 25 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…(1995) show for two aftershocks sequences on a natural fault, the increase in stress drops with recurrence interval can be explained by laboratory‐measured frictional healing rates. Healing rates are material dependent, and laboratory experiments show that calcite‐rich material exhibits larger frictional healing rates than clay‐rich materials under the conditions of our tests (Carpenter et al., 2016; Ruggieri et al., 2021). Because we also observe that stress drop of our laboratory SSEs increases with increasing recurrence interval (Figure 7d), which can be linked to partial locking and inter‐SSE healing, large frictional healing rates may explain why the SSEs occur preferentially in the calcite‐rich materials.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…This is consistent with previous studies, which show that calcite-rich lithologies are stronger than phyllosilicate-rich materials. For example, Ruggieri et al (2021) show that the friction coefficient decreases from 0.65 to 0.37 as a function of increasing shale content in shale-limestone powder mixtures, at normal stresses of 30-100 MPa. The friction coefficient we measure for the chalk, which consists of 99% calcite, has values ranging from 0.48 to 0.58 for 10 μm/s and 1.7 nm/s at in-situ (7.1 MPa) and 10 MPa effective normal stress.…”

Section: Tablementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have shown that lithology controls both the frictional strength as well as the velocity‐dependency of friction of a material (Ikari et al., 2011; Logan & Rauenzahn, 1987; Morrow et al., 2000; Ruggieri et al., 2021; Shimamoto & Logan, 1981), therefore it is important to test the lithologies going into the subduction zone. At the Hikurangi margin, SSEs occur at shallower depths compared to other subduction zones, therefore the sediments on the downgoing plate approaching the subduction zone are expected to be reasonably representative of the sediments in the megathrust where the shallow SSEs occur.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plate‐Rate Frictional Behavior of Sediment Inputs to the Hikurangi Subduction Margin: How Does Lithology Control Slow Slip Events?

Eijsink

Ikari

2022

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Over the last few decades, slow slip events (SSEs) have been recognized in most major subduction zones worldwide (Schwartz & Rokosky, 2007). For this paper, we follow the definition of Bürgmann (2018) that an SSE is an aseismic slip transient with a duration of minutes to decades. SSEs have longer durations than low frequency (<1 s) and very low frequency (∼seconds) earthquakes (Ide et al., 2007), but in contrast to those types of slow earthquakes, SSEs do not emit detectable seismic waves. With the lack of a seismic signal, SSEs have been recognized mostly by the deployment of dense GPS networks, which measure the movement of the overriding plate. SSEs are identified as temporary episodes of the upper plate moving in the opposite direction of the subducting plate, signaling slip on the subduction interface (Dragert et al., 2001). Alternatively, SSEs can be indicated by migration of the nonvolcanic, episodic tremor that can accompany SSEs (Obara et al., 2004;Wech

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Tablementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plate‐Rate Frictional Behavior of Sediment Inputs to the Hikurangi Subduction Margin: How Does Lithology Control Slow Slip Events?

Eijsink

Ikari

2022

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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“…Static friction as low as 0.3-0.2 can be found only in clay-rich rocks (e.g., phyllosilicates). However, friction experiments on carbonates-clay mixtures show that the increase of clay content promotes a clear transition from velocity weakening to velocity strengthening behavior (Ruggieri et al, 2021). In consideration of these experimental values, the models of Family (B) may be plausible when considering rocks rich in phyllosilicates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Such low static friction values retrieved for Family (B) are located in and around the nucleation zone. Since these conditions may lead to velocity strengthening, this area would be less prone to nucleate (Ruggieri et al, 2021). Finding clay-rich rocks at depths similar to the hypocentral depth is unlikely (Porreca et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constraining families of dynamic models using geological, geodetic and strong ground motion data: the Mw 6.5, October 30th, 2016, Norcia earthquake, Italy

Tinti¹,

Casarotti²,

Ulrich³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The 2016 Central Italy earthquake sequence is characterized by remarkable rupture complexity, including highly heterogeneous slip across multiple faults in an extensional tectonic regime. The dense coverage and high quality of geodetic and seismic data allow to image intriguing details of the rupture kinematics of the largest earthquake of the sequence, the Mw 6.5 October 30th, 2016 Norcia earthquake, such as an energetically weak nucleation phase. Several kinematic models suggest multiple fault planes rupturing simultaneously, however, the mechanical viability of such models is not guaranteed.Using 3D dynamic rupture and seismic wave propagation simulations accounting for two fault planes, we constrain 'families' of spontaneous dynamic models informed by a high-resolution kinematic rupture model of the earthquake. These families differ in their parameterization of initial heterogeneous shear stress and strength in the framework of linear slip weakening friction.First, we dynamically validate the kinematically inferred two-fault geometry and rake inferences with models based on only depth-dependent stress and constant friction coefficients. Then, more complex models with spatially heterogeneous dynamic parameters allow us to retrieve slip distributions similar to the target kinematic model and yield good agreement with seismic and geodetic observations. We discuss the consistency of the assumed constant or heterogeneous static and dynamic friction coefficients with mechanical properties of rocks at 3-10 km depth characterizing the Italian Central Apennines and their local geological and lithological implications. We suggest that suites of well-fitting dynamic rupture models belonging to the same family generally exist and can be derived by exploiting the trade-offs between dynamic parameters.Our approach will be applicable to validate the viability of kinematic models and classify spontaneous dynamic rupture scenarios that match seismic and geodetic observations at the same time as geological constraints.

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The effect of clay content on the dilatancy and frictional properties of fault gouge.

Ashman

Faulkner

2022

Preprint

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Mature fault cores are comprised of extremely fine, low permeability, clay-bearing gouges. Saturated granular fault materials are known to dilate in response to increases in sliding velocity, resulting in significant pore pressure drops that can suppress instability. Up to now, dilatancy has been measured only in clay-poor gouges. Clay minerals have low frictional strengths and, in previous experiments, even small proportions of clay minerals were shown to affect the frictional properties of a fault. It is important, therefore, to document in detail the impact of the proportion of clay on the frictional behaviour and dilatancy of fault rocks. In this work, a suite of triaxial deformation experiments elucidated the frictional behaviour of saturated, synthetic quartz-clay (kaolinite) fault gouges at effective normal stresses of 60 MPa, 25 MPa and 10 MPa. Upon a 10-fold velocity increase, gouges of all clay-quartz contents displayed measurable dilatancy with clay-poor samples yielding comparable changes to previous studies. Peak dilation did not occur in the pure quartz gouges, but rather in gouges containing 10 to 20 wt% clay. The clay content of the simulated gouges was found to control the gouge frictional strength and the stability of slip. A transition occurred at ˜40 wt% clay from strong, unstably sliding quartz-dominated gouges to weak but stably sliding clay-dominated gouges. These results indicate that in a low permeability, clay-rich fault zone, the increases in pore volume could generate pore-fluid pressure transients, contributing to the arrest of earthquake nucleation or potentially the promotion of sustained slow slip.

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The role of shale content and pore-water saturation on frictional properties of simulated carbonate faults

Cited by 25 publications

References 74 publications

Plate‐Rate Frictional Behavior of Sediment Inputs to the Hikurangi Subduction Margin: How Does Lithology Control Slow Slip Events?

Plate‐Rate Frictional Behavior of Sediment Inputs to the Hikurangi Subduction Margin: How Does Lithology Control Slow Slip Events?

Constraining families of dynamic models using geological, geodetic and strong ground motion data: the Mw 6.5, October 30th, 2016, Norcia earthquake, Italy

The effect of clay content on the dilatancy and frictional properties of fault gouge.

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