The role of size at birth and postnatal catch-up growth in determining systolic blood pressure

Huxley, Rachel R.; Shiell, A. W.; Law, Catherine

doi:10.1097/00004872-200018070-00002

Cited by 961 publications

(794 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…Similarly, elevated blood pressure in youth may be a response to fetal under nutrition, causing long-term changes in arterial structure in the child. 34,35 In our study, we observed a high prevalence of parental smoking. Maternal smoking is a major risk factor for low birth weight; furthermore paternal smoking also carries risk for the fetus.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 49%

Trends in body mass index, blood pressure and parental smoking habits in middle socio-economic level Turkish adolescents

et al. 2007

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Patterns of cardiovascular risk factors in populations are not static over time. We examined trends in body mass index (BMI), parental smoking and blood pressure over a 15-year period in Turkish children aged 15-17 years. Two cross-sectional studies were performed in secondary schools in Turkey in 1989-1990 and 2004-2005. Study participants were 673 children in 1989-1990 and 640 adolescents in 2004-2005. Main outcome measures were weight, height, BMI, presence and amount of parental smoking, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Age and sex matched comparisons were performed to assess temporal trends in these measures. Children in 2004-2005 had increased weight, height, BMI and decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure in all age groups compared with children in [1989][1990]. According to the international criteria, 3.4% of children were obese and 15.8% were overweight in 2005, compared to 0.7% obese and 4.2% overweight in 1990 (Po0.001). However, a decrease was noted in blood pressure; 16% were classified as hypertensive in 1989 -1990 versus 8% in 2004. The prevalence and amount of parental smoking also decreased over the last 15 years. We observed significant changes in BMI and blood pressure in Turkish children over the last 15 years. Temporal trends in these parameters may indicate a change in the pattern of cardiovascular disease in this population.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 49%

Trends in body mass index, blood pressure and parental smoking habits in middle socio-economic level Turkish adolescents

et al. 2007

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“…[1][2][3] However, the magnitude of these associations is relatively modest -BP increases approximately 2 mm Hg per kg decrease in birth weight, and o1 mm Hg per 1-week decrease in the length of gestation. [2][3][4] This is in marked contrast with much stronger relationships between smaller body size at birth and prevalence of overt hypertension, 5 coronary heart disease [6][7][8] and stroke, 9 and also in contrast with the recently reported associations of shorter length of gestation with stroke 10 and cerebrovascular disease. 11 One possible explanation for this discrepancy is that, rather than the absolute level of BP, it is cardiovascular reactivity that is associated with small size at birth and shorter length of gestation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Cardiovascular reactivity to psychological stressors in late adulthood is predicted by gestational age at birth

Feldt

Räikkönen

Eriksson³

et al. 2007

J Hum Hypertens

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The relationships of body size and gestational age at birth with adult blood pressure (BP) are relatively modest compared to their stronger associations with cardiovascular disease. BP reactivity is a strong predictor of cardiovascular morbidity, and it is possible that reactivity, rather than resting level, is determined in utero. We investigated whether body size and gestational age at birth predict BP reactivity during experimentally induced psychosocial stress in late adulthood. A total of 73 men and 80 women born after 36 weeks' gestation in Helsinki, Finland, during 1934-1944 underwent the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST); a standardized psychosocial stress test consisting of a public speech and an arithmetic task. Changes in BP were monitored continuously by a non-invasive finger photoplethysmography (Finometer, FMS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands). The results showed that the most robust early determinant of BP reactivity was gestational age; however, with opposite relationships between the sexes (P for interaction o0.001). A 1-week increase in gestational age was associated with a 3.1 mm Hg (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.2 to 6.0) and 1.2 mm Hg (95% CI, À0.1 to 2.6) decreases in systolic and diastolic BP reactivity in women, but with 5.2 mm Hg (95% CI, 1.9 to 8.4) and 2.3 mm Hg (95% CI, 0.9 to 3.8) increases in men. In conclusion, normal variation in gestational age at birth predicts cardiovascular stress reactivity in later adulthood. Given that hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis contributes to the regulation of autonomic nervous system function and the timing of parturition, and shows well-established sex differences, we speculate a role for early programming of this axis in explaining the findings.

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“…K Evidence exists for an inverse relationship between birth weight and blood pressure, both in adults [3][4][5][6] and in children. 8-11 K Less is known regarding the potential link between being born early, independent of birth size, and subsequent blood pressure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 In particular, a number of epidemiological studies have demonstrated a negative correlation between birth weight and blood pressure in adulthood. [3][4][5][6] It has been estimated that a 1 kg higher birth weight is typically associated with a 2-4 mm Hg lower systolic blood pressure. 7 Evidence also exists for such a relationship in childhood, [8][9][10][11] but it has been suggested to vary with age and gender.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between gestational age, systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure in children

2008

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This cross-sectional study investigates the relationship between gestational age and systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure in childhood. Blood pressure was measured in 483 schoolchildren, free from cardiovascular disease, aged between 6 and 16 years. Pulse pressure was estimated as the difference between the 24-h mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure values. Linear regression showed an inverse relationship between gestational age and mean 24-h systolic blood pressure (adjusted regression coefficient mm Hg per week gestation À0.631, 95% confidence interval (CI) À1.21 to À0.04, P ¼ 0.036). Further, linear regression showed a significant negative association between gestational age and log-transformed pulse pressure (adjusted antilog regression coefficient mm Hg per week of gestation À1.39, 95% CI À2.96 to À0.3, P ¼ 0.013), which after gender-specific analyses was found to be restricted to the girls in the study. The results of the present study suggest that low gestational age is associated with elevated systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure in childhood, the latter particularly in girls. This observation provides some support for the developmental origins of adult disease hypothesis-that adverse events in early life may have long-term consequences for cardiovascular health. However, as gestational age itself is unlikely to be the causal event in determining blood pressure control, further investigation is required, particularly with regard to the nutritional, physiological and molecular mechanisms that explain such epidemiological observations.

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The role of size at birth and postnatal catch-up growth in determining systolic blood pressure

Abstract: Both birth weight and head circumference at birth are inversely related to systolic blood pressure. The relationship is present in adolescence but attenuated compared to both the pre- and post-adolescence periods. Accelerated postnatal growth is also associated with raised blood pressure.

Cited by 961 publications

References 84 publications

Trends in body mass index, blood pressure and parental smoking habits in middle socio-economic level Turkish adolescents

Trends in body mass index, blood pressure and parental smoking habits in middle socio-economic level Turkish adolescents

Cardiovascular reactivity to psychological stressors in late adulthood is predicted by gestational age at birth

The relationship between gestational age, systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure in children

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