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Cover image: cherezoff/Fotoliaiii Preface New technologies have created significant opportunities for electric-grid modernization that will allow for enhanced communications between transmission and distribution operators and consumers. This communication layer, its associated enabling technologies, and the infrastructure necessary to deliver electricity are collectively known as the smart grid. A fully functional smart grid has been estimated to bring large net benefits to society through the ability to more efficiently manage transmission, distribution, and consumption of electricity, as well as incorporate and integrate intermittent renewable-resource fuels and distributed-generation technologies. However, some evidence suggests that either the net benefits have been overestimated or incentives are not aligned for current utilities and customers to fully modernize the grid.This report reviews the current status of smart-grid development, including some entrepreneurship opportunities and the barriers to achieving a fully modernized grid. We identify some recommendations to help overcome these barriers and detail the policy levers available to regulators under the incumbent regulatory system to incent (or discourage) adoption.This research was sponsored by the Kauffman-RAND Institute for Entrepreneurship Public Policy (KRI), housed within the RAND Institute for Civil Justice. KRI is dedicated to assessing and improving legal and regulatory policymaking as it relates to small businesses and entrepreneurship in a wide range of settings, including health care and civil justice.The intended audience for this report includes electricity industry professionals, consumers of electricity, researchers, and policymakers who help shape the environment in which the electric market operates. The report should be of interest to any ...