“…Among these, gender plays a significant role in terms of risk for IA (Lam et al, 2009;Morrison & Gore, 2010;Salehi, Khalili, Hojjat, Salehi, & Danesh, 2014). Although most studies indicate that males are more likely to experience IA symptoms, some research indicates that females are also prone to developing problems as a consequence of excessive internet use (Afrin et al, 2017;Mo, Chan, Chan, & Lau, 2018). Other factors associated with IA and PIU have included being preparatory, high school and university students (Afrin et al, 2017;Bener & Bhugra, 2013;Islam & Hossin, 2016;Lam et al, 2009;Ni, Yan, Chen, & Liu, 2009;Uddin et al, 2016), living in a city (Ni et al, 2009), low physical activity (Afrin et al, 2017;Bener et al, 2018;Lam et al, 2009), low sleep duration (Afrin et al, 2017;Bener et al, 2018;Morrison & Gore, 2010), being a smoker (Lam et al, 2009;Salehi et al, 2014), the age of first exposure to the internet, lower self-efficacy of internet in abstaining from internet use (Lin et al, 2011;Ni et al, 2009), more time spent using the internet on a daily basis (Islam & Hossin, 2016;Salehi et al, 2014), and using the internet for social networking, watching online videos, and viewing websites with sexual content Lin et al, 2011;Morrison & Gore, 2010;Simcharoen et al, 2018).…”