The role of some feed additives in fish fed on diets contaminated with cadmium

Abstract

The decline of cadmium pollution in fish farms is needed by any adequate method. The present study was designed to explore the effect of dietary cadmium contamination and its amelioration by using dietary clay, probiotic (Bactocell®), vitamin C, and vitamin E supplementation in Nile tilapia fish diet on growth rate, feed efficiency, blood components, and cadmium residues. Fish were separated into 15 groups, each group of fish was stocked into three aquaria and each contains 20 fishes. The fish of the first five groups were fed the basal diet, the second five groups were fed the basal diet contaminated with 25 mg cadmium/kg, and the third five groups were fed the same diet contaminated with 50 mg cadmium/kg. Within each dietary cadmium level, the first group was fed the diet without any supplementation, the second was fed the diet supplemented with natural clay (bentonite) at level 3%, the third group was fed the diet supplemented with 1 g Bactocell®/kg, the fourth group was fed the diet supplemented 50 mg vitamin E/kg, and the fifth group was fed the diet supplemented with 100 mg vitamin C/kg. Live body weight, daily body weight gain, and feed intake of Nile tilapia decreased significantly (P < 0.001) with increasing dietary cadmium level, while feed conversion was impaired. Fish group fed on diets contaminated with 50 mg cadmium/kg recorded the lowest live body weight and weight gain. Serum total protein and albumin concentration significantly (P < 0.001) decreased, while serum creatinine, AST, and ALT significantly (P < 0.001) increased with increasing cadmium level in fish diets. Blood hemoglobin and total erythrocyte (RBCs) significantly (P < 0.001 or 0.05) decreased with cadmium contamination in fish diets, while leukocytes were insignificantly affected. Body cadmium residues increased significantly (P < 0.001) by increasing cadmium level in fish diets. Live body weight, daily body weight gain, and feed intake of Nile tilapia increased significantly (P < 0.001) with feed additive supplementation in diets, also while feed conversion improved. Fish group fed on diets supplemented with probiotic Bactocell® or natural clay recorded higher body weight and gain rate than the other experimental groups. Serum total protein, blood hemoglobin, and total erythrocyte increased, while urea-N, creatinine, ALT, AST, and leukocytes decreased as affected with the feed additive supplementation. Feed additive supplementation in fish diets significantly (P < 0.001) decreased cadmium residues in fish bodies. Irrespective of dietary cadmium level, feed additive supplementation in fish diet improved the growth rate and decreased the concentrations of serum creatinine and ALT. The obtained results indicated that feed additive supplementation could modify the function of the kidney and liver in fish exposed to the cadmium toxicity.

Grape seed proanthocyanidins alleviate the negative effects of dietary cadmium on pearl gentian grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus female x Epinephelus lanceolatus male)

“…In the present study, the growth performance of pearl gentian grouper was severely decreased by dietary 300 mg/kg dietary Cd exposure. Similar growth inhabitations by certain level of dietary Cd in inorganic form were confirmed in many other fish species, such as cobia (Rachycentron canadum L.) at 10.90 mg/kg (Liu et al, 2015), Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus) at 25 mg/kg (Ayyat et al, 2017), rockfish (Sebasres schlegeli) at 25 mg /kg (Kim et al, 2004;Kang et al, 2005), yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) at 48.57 mg/kg (Tan et al, 2010), genetic improvement of farmed tilapia (GIFT) at 100 mg/kg (Lu, 2014), crucian carp (Carassius auratus) at 120 mg/kg (Kim, 2009), and Parrotfish (Oplegnathus fasciatus) at 162 mg/kg (Okorie et al, 2014), and goldfifish (subspecies: Prussian carp Carassius auratus gibelio B.) at 10000 mg/kg (wet weight) (Szczerbik et al, 2006).…”

“…Similar results were also shown in the studies of other fish species exposed to dietary Cd stress. The parameters of body composition were not affected by dietary Cd in turbot at 50 mg/kg (Cui et al, 2016), Japanese seabass at 12.08 mg/kg (Mai et al, 2006), and Nile tilapia fed dietary Cd at 25 mg/kg (Ayyat et al, 2017). In comparison, higher levels of moisture and ash and lower levels of crude protein and lipid were found in yellow catfish exposed to 48.75 mg/kg dietary Cd (Tan et al, 2010) and cobia exposed to 10.90 mg/kg dietary Cd (Liu et al, 2015).…”

Dietary Supplementation of humic acid in the Feed of juvenile asian seabass,Lates calcariferto counteract possible negative effects of Cadmium Accumulation on Growth and Fish Well‐being when Green Mussel (Perna viridis) is used as a Feed ingredient.

“…The Cd content in fish organs lowers when compared with those fed on a diet without humic acid supplementation. The obtained results indicated that humic acid as a feed additive could modify the liver and kidney function in fish to reduce the Cd accumulation (Ayyat et al, 2017). This ability may be due to humic acid is known to have containing functional groups such as carboxylic, carbonyl and phenolic groups, which can form complex bonds of minerals, and heavy metals (Islam et al, 2005).…”

Characterisation of cholinesterase and histopathological features of brain of Clarias gariepinus following exposure to cadmium

“…Swimming performance was found to affect the appetite in fish groups exposed to increasing concentrations of cadmium which may be due to the inhibition of dopamine and serotonin involved in locomotion, aggression and feeding behaviour, in the presence of heavy metals. Study on the role of some feed additives in fish fed on diets contaminated with cadmium also showed that daily feed intake decreased significantly (p<0.001) with increasing dietary cadmium level Ayyat et al (2017).…”