“…The AMV, an alteration of warm and cold sea surface temperatures in the North Atlantic on decadal timescales, has been shown to influence the intensity and frequency of Atlantic hurricanes (Trenberth and Shea, 2006;Wang et al, 2022) and the long-term variability of the NAO (Davini et al, 2015). Due to the complex teleconnections linking these four climate modes (ENSO, NAO, PNA, and AMV) (e.g., Müller and Roeckner, 2006;Pinto et al, 2009;O'Reilly et al, 2024;Trascasa-Castro et al, 2021;Davini et al, 2015) and their influence on weather patterns across the Northern Hemisphere, in this study we select these modes as potential modulators of wintertime CWP extremes across the Northern Hemisphere. Note that among the selected modes, some are themselves specific phenomena that are internally driven, such as ENSO, while others are a representation of the dominant weather and climate variability in a particular region, such as the NAO or the PNA.…”