“…WOM is considered as the most influential factor that affects consumer attitudes and behaviour (Kotler and Armstrong, 2018). Several factors are associated with WOM including consumer trust (Brown et al, 2007), products and services (Lee and Youn, 2009), interpersonal closeness (Dubois et al, 2016), brand experience (Klein et al, 2016), brand image (G omez-Su arez et al, 2017), price (Matzler et al, 2019), value creation (Dowell et al, 2019) and consumer emotion (Kang et al, 2020). WOM is an important issue in the current electronic commerce and virtual environment (Moore and Lafreniere, 2020).…”