The Role of Temperature and Anticoagulant on the in Vitro Survival of Bacteria in Blood

Ellner, Paul D.; Stoessel, Carole Jean

doi:10.1093/infdis/116.2.238

Cited by 25 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Typhi were excluded from participating in the study. Up to 50 ml of blood was collected from individual volunteers by venipuncture and treated with sodium heparin to prevent coagulation [68]. Samples were used as whole blood or processed to isolate monocytes within 24 h of collection.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Live Recombinant Salmonella Typhi Vaccines Constructed to Investigate the Role of rpoS in Eliciting Immunity to a Heterologous Antigen

et al. 2010

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We hypothesized that the immunogenicity of live Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi vaccines expressing heterologous antigens depends, at least in part, on its rpoS status. As part of our project to develop a recombinant attenuated S. Typhi vaccine (RASTyV) to prevent pneumococcal diseases in infants and children, we constructed three RASTyV strains synthesizing the Streptococcus pneumoniae surface protein PspA to test this hypothesis. Each vector strain carried ten engineered mutations designed to optimize safety and immunogenicity. Two S. Typhi vector strains (χ9639 and χ9640) were derived from the rpoS mutant strain Ty2 and one (χ9633) from the RpoS+ strain ISP1820. In χ9640, the nonfunctional rpoS gene was replaced with the functional rpoS gene from ISP1820. Plasmid pYA4088, encoding a secreted form of PspA, was moved into the three vector strains. The resulting RASTyV strains were evaluated for safety in vitro and for immunogenicity in mice. All three RASTyV strains were similar to the live attenuated typhoid vaccine Ty21a in their ability to survive in human blood and human monocytes. They were more sensitive to complement and were less able to survive and persist in sewage and surface water than their wild-type counterparts. Adult mice intranasally immunized with any of the RASTyV strains developed immune responses against PspA and Salmonella antigens. The RpoS+ vaccines induced a balanced Th1/Th2 immune response while the RpoS− strain χ9639(pYA4088) induced a strong Th2 immune response. Immunization with any RASTyV provided protection against S. pneumoniae challenge; the RpoS+ strain χ9640(pYA4088) provided significantly greater protection than the ISP1820 derivative, χ9633(pYA4088). In the pre-clinical setting, these strains exhibited a desirable balance between safety and immunogenicity and are currently being evaluated in a Phase 1 clinical trial to determine which of the three RASTyVs has the optimal safety and immunogenicity profile in human hosts.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Live Recombinant Salmonella Typhi Vaccines Constructed to Investigate the Role of rpoS in Eliciting Immunity to a Heterologous Antigen

et al. 2010

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“…aeruginosa and Pr. morganii.No inhibition of 10 strains of E. coli could be demonstrated on the medium described byFair & Wehner (1971). on the contrary, the seminal fluid caused a stimulation of the growth.Anaerobic species.…”

mentioning

confidence: 77%

“…coli, is inhibited. by casein and peptone (Fair & Wehner, 1971). In the present study of human seminal fluid, we found no inhibition of E .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Activity of Human Seminal Fluid

Mårdh

Colleen

1975

Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology

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The antibacterial, antifungal and antimycoplasmal activity of human semen was studied. Gram-positive aerobic bacterial species i.e. staphylococci, but not gram-negative aerobic bacteria, were inhibited by seminal fluid in vitro. Neither were anaerobic gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria, nor Candida or Mycoplasma inhibited. Semen of healthy males had a higher antibacterial effect on S. albus than that of patients with symptoms of chronic prostatitis. There was a positive correlation between the antibacterial power of the semen of the patients studied and their content of zinc and magnesium, while no correlation was found with fructose and lysozyme or the number of spermatozoa in any of the groups. A positive correlation was found between the antibacterial capacity and the volume of the ejaculate in the patients but not among the controls. The antibacterial substance(s) was dialysable, ether-extractable, resistant to boiling and partly to storage at room temperature. The addition of EDTA, tranexamic acid and ammonium reineckate to semen did not influence the antibacterial effect, which was, however, slightly inhibited by sodium polyanethol sulphonate. The nature of possible antibacterial substances in semen is discussed.

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“…No significant differences in yields or times to detection were found for 387 clinically important isolates from 4,306 blood culture sets.Sodium polyanethol sulfonate (SPS) is a common component of blood culture media, owing to its anticoagulant, anticomplement, and antiphagocytic properties (2,3,17,18). It also inactivates lysozyme, aminoglycosides, and polymyxins (1).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sodium polyanethol sulfonate (SPS) is a common component of blood culture media, owing to its anticoagulant, anticomplement, and antiphagocytic properties (2,3,17,18). It also inactivates lysozyme, aminoglycosides, and polymyxins (1).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlled Clinical Comparison of BacT/ALERT Standard Aerobic and Standard Anaerobic Blood Culture Bottles Inoculated Directly or after Transport in Sodium Polyanethol Sulfonate Tubes

et al. 2007

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To assess relative performances in the BacT/ALERT blood culture system, we compared results from the direct inoculation of standard media and inoculation after the transport of blood samples in Vacutainer tubes with sodium polyanethol sulfonate. No significant differences in yields or times to detection were found for 387 clinically important isolates from 4,306 blood culture sets.Sodium polyanethol sulfonate (SPS) is a common component of blood culture media, owing to its anticoagulant, anticomplement, and antiphagocytic properties (2,3,17,18). It also inactivates lysozyme, aminoglycosides, and polymyxins (1). Although SPS has been shown to improve the recovery of commonly isolated microorganisms in older medium formulations (3,5,8,12,13,16), it inhibits the growth of Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Streptobacillus moniliformis, Gardnerella vaginalis, Haemophilus ducreyi, and Capnocytophaga spp. (4,7,11,14).For four decades, Vacutainer SPS tubes (BD Diagnostic Systems, Franklin Lakes, NJ) have been used at the Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, and other institutions to transport whole blood until it can be inoculated into culture media. The historical advantages of this approach include being able to inoculate a variety of culture media and having plasma for serological testing (15). The effect that SPS transport tubes have on the yields from currently used blood culture media, however, has not been reported. Furthermore, the transfer of tube contents poses a percutaneous injury risk to laboratory staff. Consequently, we performed a controlled comparison of direct inoculation into standard BacT/ALERT (BA; bioMérieux, Inc., Durham, NC) blood culture bottles and inoculation after transport in SPS tubes. . Four-bottle kits were provided with instructions to obtain 30 ml of blood per set and to distribute 7.5 ml sequentially into a standard aerobic (SA) bottle, an SPS tube, a standard anaerobic (SN) bottle, and a second SPS tube without changing needles. Uninoculated SPS tubes contained 1.7 ml of 0.35% SPS in 0.85% sodium chloride. The SA and SN bottles each contained 40 ml of supplemented tryptic soy broth with 0.035% SPS.The filling adequacy (adequate, underfilled, or overfilled) of each bottle was measured against marked volumetric standards; 6 to 9 ml of blood was considered adequate. All bottles were processed regardless of the volume received. The contents of each SPS tube were transferred into additional SA and SN bottles in a biological safety cabinet. All four bottles were loaded onto the BA instrument and incubated for 5 days or until they were flagged as positive. The contents from flagged bottles were subcultured, and isolates were identified according to standard techniques (10).An infectious disease physician reviewed the record of each patient with a positive blood culture to determine whether an isolate represented true infection, contamination, or unknown clinical importance. These assessments were made in accordance with published cr...

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The Role of Temperature and Anticoagulant on the in Vitro Survival of Bacteria in Blood

Cited by 25 publications

References 0 publications

Live Recombinant Salmonella Typhi Vaccines Constructed to Investigate the Role of rpoS in Eliciting Immunity to a Heterologous Antigen

Live Recombinant Salmonella Typhi Vaccines Constructed to Investigate the Role of rpoS in Eliciting Immunity to a Heterologous Antigen

Antimicrobial Activity of Human Seminal Fluid

Controlled Clinical Comparison of BacT/ALERT Standard Aerobic and Standard Anaerobic Blood Culture Bottles Inoculated Directly or after Transport in Sodium Polyanethol Sulfonate Tubes

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