The role of Th17 cells in endocrine organs: Involvement of the gut, adipose tissue, liver and bone

Abstract

T Helper 17 (Th17) cells are adaptive immune cells that play myriad roles in the body. Immune–endocrine interactions are vital in endocrine organs during pathological states. Th17 cells are known to take part in multiple autoimmune diseases over the years. Current evidence has moved from minimal to substantial that Th17 cells are closely related to endocrine organs. Diverse tissue Th17 cells have been discovered within endocrine organs, including gut, adipose tissue, liver and bone, and these cells are modulated by various secretions from endocrine organs. Th17 cells in these endocrine organs are key players in the process of an array of metabolic disorders and inflammatory conditions, including obesity, insulin resistance, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), osteoporosis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We reviewed the pathogenetic or protective functions played by Th17 cells in various endocrine tissues and identified potential regulators for plasticity of it. Furthermore, we discussed the roles of Th17 cells in crosstalk of gut-organs axis.

Accumulation of Alpha-Synuclein and Increase in the Inflammatory Response in the substantia nigra, Jejunum, and Colon in a Model of O3 Pollution in Rats

“…The method used for exposing low O 3 doses was based on a technique described by Rivas-Arancibia et al in 2010 [32]. They used a transparent acrylic chamber with an air diffuser connected to an O 3 generator.…”

“…Th17 cells have a significant role in various inflammatory diseases by secreting the cytokine IL-17 in response against extracellular bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The plasticity of Th17 cells is influenced by various factors, such as cytokines and microbial and metabolic products [32]. Additionally, the immune response is regulated by activating specific transcription factors.…”

Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women is associated with disturbances in gut microbiota and migration of peripheral immune cells

“…The variation of Treg and Th17 cell ratios in postmenopausal OST and OP T lymphocytes are the core cells of immune regulation, and naïve T cells can differentiate into Treg cells, Th17 cells and other subsets after stimulation by exogenous antigens, and can produce different immune effects by secreting different characteristic cytokines [23]. Th17 cells are essential core links in estrogen de ciency-induced bone loss [24]. In addition, Treg cell de ciency and inactivation are associated with some chronic in ammatory diseases, and Treg cells can regulate osteoclast formation and prevent bone resorption by secreting IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β [25].…”

Diffusion Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH), a Link between Gut Microbiota and Spinal Degenerative Diseases<strong> </strong>

“…Although a substantial portion of research concerning the gut-bone axis centers on osteoporosis, hyperostotic diseases characterized by excessive bone growth might also be subject to the influences of gut-related factors. The precise mechanisms governing these conditions continue to be a subject of ongoing exploration [128,129].…”