The role of the gut microbiota in schizophrenia: Current and future perspectives

Rodrigues-Amorím, Daniela; Rivera-Baltanás, Tania; Regueiro, Benito J.; Spuch, Carlos; Liñero, Elena de las Heras; Méndez, Raúl; Nieto-Araujo, M.; Barreiro-Villar, Carolina; Olivares, J.M.; Agís‐Balboa, Roberto Carlos

doi:10.1080/15622975.2018.1433878

Cited by 35 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 115 publications

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“…On the contrary, patients with schizophrenia, who were significantly likelier to smoke, had decreased abundance of Clostridium ( 56 ) ( Figure 6 and Table 2 ). Enterobacteriaceae were increased in chronic schizophrenia patients ( 41 ) ( Figure 6 and Table 2 ), which would be in line with possible tobacco usage; however, smoking status was not reported within that study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…Most recently, a study demonstrated that mice receiving feces from individuals with schizophrenia showed a behavioral phenotype that is consistent with that have been seen in animal models of schizophrenia and depression (40). This finding demonstrates that a constituent of the fecal matter have effect of brain function and behavior of the host and strengthen the suggestion that the microbiome might contribute to behavioral symptoms in psychosis (41).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 53%

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The Gut Microbiome in Psychosis From Mice to Men: A Systematic Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies

2020

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The gut microbiome is rapidly becoming the focus of interest as a possible factor involved in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. Recent understanding of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia emphasizes the role of systemic components, including immune/inflammatory and metabolic processes, which are influenced by and interacting with the gut microbiome. Here we systematically review the current literature on the gut microbiome in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and in their animal models. We found that the gut microbiome is altered in psychosis compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, we identified potential factors related to psychosis, which may contribute to the gut microbiome alterations. However, further research is needed to establish the disease-specificity and potential causal relationships between changes of the microbiome and disease pathophysiology. This can open up the possibility of. manipulating the gut microbiome for improved symptom control and for the development of novel therapeutic approaches in schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 53%

The Gut Microbiome in Psychosis From Mice to Men: A Systematic Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies

2020

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“…et al, 2017 ; Yolken and Dickerson, 2017 ), and microbiota regulation probably alleviates the disorder ( Hamdani et al, 2015 ; Dickerson et al, 2017 ). Schizophrenia is related with the dysfunction of microbiota–gut–brain axis ( Nemani et al, 2015 ; Rodrigues-Amorim et al, 2018 ; Shen et al, 2018 ), and improving the gut-brain and immune functions by targeting the microbiota could possibly produce beneficial effects ( Davey et al, 2013 ; Tomasik et al, 2015 ; Dickerson et al, 2017 ). Additionally, patients subjected to neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), possess abnormal gut microbiota ( Mayer et al, 2014b ; Aarts et al, 2017 ; Strati et al, 2017 ), while correcting the microbiota abnormalities in a timely manner probably improves the development of the brain and behavior and has remedial effects ( Borre et al, 2014 ; Partty et al, 2015 ; Kang et al, 2017 ; Doenyas, 2018 ; Yang et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Gut Microbiota Gut-brain and Gut-brain Psychologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut-Brain Psychology: Rethinking Psychology From the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis

Shen

Jin

2018

Front. Integr. Neurosci.

202

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Mental disorders and neurological diseases are becoming a rapidly increasing medical burden. Although extensive studies have been conducted, the progress in developing effective therapies for these diseases has still been slow. The current dilemma reminds us that the human being is a superorganism. Only when we take the human self and its partner microbiota into consideration at the same time, can we better understand these diseases. Over the last few centuries, the partner microbiota has experienced tremendous change, much more than human genes, because of the modern transformations in diet, lifestyle, medical care, and so on, parallel to the modern epidemiological transition. Existing research indicates that gut microbiota plays an important role in this transition. According to gut-brain psychology, the gut microbiota is a crucial part of the gut-brain network, and it communicates with the brain via the microbiota–gut–brain axis. The gut microbiota almost develops synchronously with the gut-brain, brain, and mind. The gut microbiota influences various normal mental processes and mental phenomena, and is involved in the pathophysiology of numerous mental and neurological diseases. Targeting the microbiota in therapy for these diseases is a promising approach that is supported by three theories: the gut microbiota hypothesis, the “old friend” hypothesis, and the leaky gut theory. The effects of gut microbiota on the brain and behavior are fulfilled by the microbiota–gut–brain axis, which is mainly composed of the nervous pathway, endocrine pathway, and immune pathway. Undoubtedly, gut-brain psychology will bring great enhancement to psychology, neuroscience, and psychiatry. Various microbiota-improving methods including fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, prebiotics, a healthy diet, and healthy lifestyle have shown the capability to promote the function of the gut-brain, microbiota–gut–brain axis, and brain. It will be possible to harness the gut microbiota to improve brain and mental health and prevent and treat related diseases in the future.

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“…Also, recent data have shown a high correlation of IgG-mediated antibodies between the periphery and cerebral spinal fluid in schizophrenia but not healthy controls, particularly AGA IgG suggesting that these antibodies may be crossing the blood-brain barrier with resulting neuroinflammation [25]. Schizophrenia has been extensively associated with other abnormal translational markers, suggesting an increased gut permeability in this illness [23,[25][26][27][28][29]. More than one in five SZ patients are identified with metabolic syndrome [30], and one-third with chronic low-grade peripheral inflammation [31][32][33][34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiota-Orientated Treatments for Major Depression and Schizophrenia

et al. 2020

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Background and significance. There is a need to develop new hypothesis-driven treatment for both both major depression (MD) and schizophrenia in which the risk of depression is 5 times higher than the general population. Major depression has been also associated with poor illness outcomes including pain, metabolic disturbances, and less adherence. Conventional antidepressants are partly effective, and 44% of the subjects remain unremitted under treatment. Improving MD treatment efficacy is thus needed to improve the SZ prognosis. Microbiota-orientated treatments are currently one of the most promising tracks. Method. This work is a systematic review synthetizing data of arguments to develop microbiota-orientated treatments (including fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT)) in major depression and schizophrenia. Results. The effectiveness of probiotic administration in MD constitutes a strong evidence for developing microbiota-orientated treatments. Probiotics have yielded medium-to-large significant effects on depressive symptoms, but it is still unclear if the effect is maintained following probiotic discontinuation. Several factors may limit MD improvement when using probiotics, including the small number of bacterial strains administered in probiotic complementary agents, as well as the presence of a disturbed gut microbiota that probably limits the probiotics’ impact. FMT is a safe technique enabling to improve microbiota in several gut disorders. The benefit/risk ratio of FMT has been discussed and has been recently improved by capsule administration. Conclusion. Cleaning up the gut microbiota by transplanting a totally new human gut microbiota in one shot, which is referred to as FMT, is likely to strongly improve the efficacy of microbiota-orientated treatments in MD and schizophrenia and maintain the effect over time. This hypothesis should be tested in future clinical trials.

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The role of the gut microbiota in schizophrenia: Current and future perspectives

Cited by 35 publications

References 115 publications

The Gut Microbiome in Psychosis From Mice to Men: A Systematic Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies

The Gut Microbiome in Psychosis From Mice to Men: A Systematic Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies

Gut-Brain Psychology: Rethinking Psychology From the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis

Microbiota-Orientated Treatments for Major Depression and Schizophrenia

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