“…The Lombardy region is a quite effective example of such a situation, with only upstream sectors of the river ecosystems still being natural, and wide urbanization affecting both physical connectivity and biotic structure, through pollution, of the lotic ecosystems. For several species, including decapods, fish and amphibians, restoration of the hydrologic connectivity could be favorable (Ficetola et al, 2012;Kawanishi et al, 2013;Maceda-Veiga, 2013;Scalici et al, 2008a,b), but alien crayfish dispersal must be taken into account. In particular, in urbanized areas where native crayfish populations are confined to the headstreams, the crayfish plague may represent a relevant risk factor.…”