The Role of the Low-Density Lipoprotein/High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio as an Atherogenic Risk Factor in Young Adults with Ischemic Stroke: A Case—Control Study

Abstract

Dyslipidemia is a major atherogenic risk factor for ischemic stroke. Stroke patients tend to have high levels of total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Therefore, it is noteworthy that there has been an increase in ischemic stroke cases in young and elderly individuals in recent years. This study investigated the TC/HDL-C ratio and the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, which may be more specific and common lipid parameters in young patients with ischemic stroke. This study aimed to demonstrate the sensitivity and specificity of TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios as atherogenic markers for young adult ischemic strokes. This trial was conducted as a retrospective case—control study. A total of 123 patients (patient group) and 86 healthy individuals (control group) aged 18–50 years were randomly selected from four different hospitals. Lipid parameters and TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios were compared between these two groups. The mean age was 38.8 ± 7.3 years in patients and 37.7 ± 9 years in controls (p > 005). The HDL-C levels were 39.1 ± 10.8 mg/dL in patients and 48.4 ± 13.8 mg/dL in controls (p < 0.001). LDL-C/HDL-C ratios were 3.23 ± 1.74 and 2.38 ± 0.87, and TC/HDL-C ratios were 5.24 ± 2.31 and 4.10 ± 1.25 in the patient and control groups, respectively (p < 0.001). The LDL-C/HDL-C and TC/HDL-C cutoff values in ROC analyses were 2.61 and 4.40 respectively; the AUCs (95% CI) were determined to be 0.680 (0.608–0.753) and 0.683 (0.610–0.755) (p < 0.001), respectively. An increased risk of stroke was observed in those with a high LDL-C/HDL-C ratio (OR = 1.827; 95% CI = 1.341–2.488; p < 0.001). Our study obtained similar results when we compared the mean TC and LDL-C levels between the two groups. However, considering the TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios, it is noteworthy that there was a significant difference between the patient and control groups.

The unique association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and blood lipid profiles in agriculture, forestry, and fishing occupations: Insights from NHANES 2001–2014

“…Detailed information on serum 25(OH)D concentrations, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, and other covariates can be found on the NHANES website, which is publicly accessible ( http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/ ). Besides, we also divided BMI into three groups based on the official (WHO) cut-offs for nutritional status: < 25 kg/m 2 (normal weight and underweight), 25–30 kg/m 2 (overweight), and ≥ 30 kg/m 2 (obese) [ 22 ], as well as divided the lipid profiles into two groups: TG < or ≥ 1.7 mmol/L, TC < or ≥5.2 mmol/L, LDL-C < or ≥ 3.4 mmol/L, HDL ≤ or > 1.0 mmol/L for men and 1.3 mmol/L for women [ 23 ], and ≤ or > 0.4 mmol/L for HDL-C/LDL-C ratio [ 24 , 25 ].…”

“…High TG levels, reduced HDL-C, and atherogenic small dense LDL (sdLDL) collectively contribute to the metabolic insulin resistance syndrome, which exhibits a nearly linear association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk [4]. 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]-the primary storage form of vitamin D, plays a crucial role in regulating calcium and phosphate metabolism, promoting bone health, supporting immune function [5]. Moreover, emerging evidence suggests that serum 25(OH)D may also contribute to reducing the risk of mortality, particularly among individuals with hypertension and type 2 diabetes [6].…”