The Role of the Microtubule Cytoskeleton in Regulating Intracellular Transport

The Possible Role of Molecular Vibration in Intracellular Signalling

“…The basic structure of these organelles is similar in all cells despite their great diversity. The Golgi apparatus is located close to the cell nucleus and directly connected to the microtubule (MT) system (Trans-Golgi), while the Cis-Golgi is connected to the ER [34][35][36]. The basal elements are the cisternae, which consist of membrane-enclosed disks.…”

“…The finished molecules are provided with different signal proteins as a coat. Finally, the transport-vesicles are completed by signal molecules to determine the final destination and motor proteins for the directed transport on the road system [34][35][36][37]. It consists of MT, actin and intermediate filaments and forms the cytoskeleton which is highly dynamic by permanent polymerization and depolymerization [38][39][40].…”

Marine Invertebrate Natural Products that Target Microtubules

“…The interphase microtubules act as tracks for intracellular transport of diverse proteins and nucleic acid cargoes that are crucial for cell survival. 33 MTAs have been shown to disrupt interphase microtubule dynamics and trafficking of critical proteins that favor cancer cell growth. 28−30 For example, taxanes antagonized androgen receptor signaling that drives prostate cancer by preventing dynein-mediated trafficking of androgen receptor to the nucleus along interphase microtubules.…”

“…PM050489 and PM060184. In 2013, researchers from PharmaMar (Madrid, Spain) reported the isolation of PM050489 (33) and PM060184 (34), two polyketide-derived metabolites from a Madagascar collection of the marine sponge Lithoplocamia lithistoides. 135 Both compounds exhibited antimitotic behavior and showed growth inhibition at subnanomolar concentrations against a variety of human tumor cell lines.…”

Hypothesis on interactions of macromolecules based on molecular vibration patterns in cells and tissues

“…Specific coat-proteins, COPII and COPI [31] play a key role during the complicated procedure of post-translational modification of proteins and final formation of the cargo on the way from cis -to the trans network. Coat-proteins control the attachment of motors, their activity and moving direction (32,(34)(35)(36)(37).The cargoes are transported by means of multiple motors often with opposite preferred directions. Some of those motors are attached to the cargo at the same time.…”