The role of the mussel <i>Mytilus</i> spp. in the transmission of ostreid herpesvirus-1 microVar

Reilly, A. J. O’; Laide, C.; Maloy, Aaron P.; Hutton, Stephen A.; Bookelaar, B.; Sullivan, Keith O.; Lynch, Sharon A.; Culloty, Sarah C.

doi:10.1017/s0031182017002244

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…In addition, a 14-fold OsHV-1 μVar replication was observed in mussels Mytilus spp. at 13 ℃ under experimental conditions [41]. The findings of this study would suggest that OsHV-1 μVar may be opportunistic, adapting to new circumstances, such as fewer available susceptible oysters due to the use of selectively bred oyster stocks more resistant to the virus, resulting in a "species jump" to another cohabiting bivalve species, and being transmissible at lower seawater temperatures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…More recently OsHV-1 μVar was detected in different marine invertebrates including the Sydney cockle Anadara trapezia in Australia [39], in cultured Mytilus galloprovinciallis in Italy [40], in wild Mytilus spp. consisting of the blue Mytilus edulis, M. galloprovinciallis and hybrids of both parent species, in Ireland [41] and the green shore crab C. maenas [42]. Bookelaar et al [42] demonstrated that transmission of the virus could occur from C. maenas, previously exposed to the OsHV-1 μVar in the wild, to cohabiting naïve C. gigas within four days.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Host plasticity supports spread of an aquaculture introduced virus to an ecosystem engineer

2020

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Background The common cockle Cerastoderma edule plays an important ecological role in the marine ecosystem both as an infaunal engineer (reef forming and bioturbation) and a food source for protected bird species in its European range. Cockle beds are found in close proximity to aquaculture and fisheries operations, which can be “hot spots” for infectious agents including viruses and bacteria. Ostreid herpesvirus-1 microVar (OsHV-1 μVar) has spread to many Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas culture sites globally, where it has been associated with significant mortalities in this cultured bivalve. Knowledge on the impact of the virus on the wider ecosystem, is limited. As the likelihood of released virus dispersing into the wider aquatic ecosystem is high, the plasticity of the virus and the susceptibility of C. edule to act as hosts or carriers is unknown. Methods In this study, wild C. edule were sampled biweekly at two C. gigas culture sites over a four-month period during the summer when OsHV-1 μVar prevalence is at its highest in oysters. C. edule were screened for the virus molecularly (PCR, qPCR and Sanger sequencing) and visually (in situ hybridisation (ISH)). The cockle’s ability to act as a carrier and transmit OsHV-1 μVar to the oyster host at a temperature of 14 ℃, when the virus is considered to be dormant until water temperatures exceed 16 ℃, was also assessed in laboratory transmission trials. Results The results demonstrated that OsHV-1 μVar was detected in all C. edule size/age cohorts, at both culture sites. In the laboratory, viral transmission was effected from cockles to naïve oysters for the first time, five days post-exposure. The laboratory study also demonstrated that OsHV-1 μVar was active and was successfully transmitted from the C. edule at lower temperatures. Conclusions This study demonstrates that OsHV-1 μVar has the plasticity to infect the keystone species C. edule and highlights the possible trophic transmission of the virus from cockles to their mobile top predators. This scenario would have important implications, as a greater geographical range expansion of this significant pathogen via migratory bird species may have an impact on other species that reside in bird habitats most of which are special areas of conservation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

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confidence: 99%

Host plasticity supports spread of an aquaculture introduced virus to an ecosystem engineer

2020

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“…OsHV-1 transmission to naive Pacific oysters has also been shown following cohabitation with exposed wild crabs (Carcinus maenas; Bookelaar et al, 2018) and mussels (Mytilus spp. ;O'Reilly et al, 2018). These taxa have previously been identified within vessel biofouling assemblages (Visscher, 1928;Apte et al, 2000;Moshchenko and Zvyagintsev, 2001;Coutts et al, 2003).…”

Section: Analysis Analysis Scopementioning

confidence: 86%

The Role of Vessel Biofouling in the Translocation of Marine Pathogens: Management Considerations and Challenges

Georgiades

Scianni²,

Davidson

et al. 2021

Front. Mar. Sci.

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Vessel biofouling is a major pathway for the introduction, establishment, and subsequent spread of marine non-indigenous macro-organisms. As a result, national and international regulations and guidelines have been implemented to manage the risks associated with this pathway, yet widespread enforcement and uptake are still in their infancy. By comparison, translocation of marine pathogens by vessel biofouling has received little attention despite a mounting body of evidence highlighting the potential importance of this pathway. Using molluscan pathogens as a model, this paper examines the potential for translocation of marine pathogens via the vessel biofouling pathway by reviewing: (1) examples where vessel biofouling is suspected to be the source pathway of non-indigenous pathogen introduction to new areas, and (2) the association between pathogens known to have detrimental effects on wild and farmed mollusk populations with species known to foul vessels and anthropogenic structures. The available evidence indicates that vessel biofouling is a viable and important pathway for translocating marine pathogens, presenting a risk to marine values (i.e., environmental, economic, social, and cultural). While preventive measures to minimize the translocation of macro-organisms are the most efficient way to minimize the likelihood of associated pathogen translocation, the application of reactive management measures to biofouled vessels, including post-filtration treatment, requires further and explicit consideration.

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“…The ostreid herpesvirus OsHV-1 is lacking in host-specificity, meaning that it can also be found in scallops and clams including the invasive R. philippinarum (Ben-Horin et al, 2015), as is the microvariant which can be found in Mytilus spp. (O'Reilly et al, 2018) and C. maenas (Bookelaar et al, 2018), and this could further extend dispersal capability.…”

Section: Climate Change and Bivalve Diseases: Potential Outcomes For Parasite Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Importance of Marine Bivalves in Invasive Host–Parasite Introductions

et al. 2021

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Although research into the ecology and impacts of invasive species is prevalent, there are knowledge gaps relating to the role of invasive species in parasite transmission. This work synthesises invasive host–parasite interactions and impacts, using marine bivalves as a model group, to consider how global movement of shellfish consignments for aquaculture purposes facilitates the unintentional transfer of invasives. We discuss how invasive species can act as both hosts or parasitic organisms themselves, and introductions may lead to diseases within the bivalve aquaculture sector. This review highlights the importance of interdisciplinary research, with particular regard to the fields of parasitology and invasion ecology. We suggest that further integrating these fields will enhance critical knowledge of marine diseases, parasite-invasive-bivalve interplay dynamics, and potential mitigation strategies, including temperature-based disease surveillance models. We also address how climate change might impact invasive species, again with a focus on marine bivalves, and the potential outcomes for parasite transmission, including changes in host/parasite distribution, life-history and virulence. We acknowledge the importance of horizon scanning for future invasive host–parasite introductions and note that increased screening of invasive species, both in their native and invaded ranges, will provide clarity on invasion dynamics and potential impacts.

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The role of the mussel Mytilus spp. in the transmission of ostreid herpesvirus-1 microVar

Cited by 14 publications

References 51 publications

Host plasticity supports spread of an aquaculture introduced virus to an ecosystem engineer

Host plasticity supports spread of an aquaculture introduced virus to an ecosystem engineer

The Role of Vessel Biofouling in the Translocation of Marine Pathogens: Management Considerations and Challenges

The Importance of Marine Bivalves in Invasive Host–Parasite Introductions

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