The role of the OOP antisense RNA in coliphage λ development

Krinke, Lothar; Mahoney, Michael; Wulff, Daniel L.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1991.tb01900.x

Cited by 42 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The location and orientation of this ORF have not been reported in the genomes of other characterized lactococcal temperate phages (26,27,60). Located within ORF55, but scripts are observed in the oop region (28), and this region may represent a control point in the BK5-T gene expression. Determination of the sequence of the BK5-T cos termini.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Sequence Analysis and Molecular Characterization of the Lactococcus lactis Temperate Bacteriophage BK5-T

Mahanivong

Boyce

Davidson

et al. 2001

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The Lactococcus lactis temperate bacteriophage BK5-T is one of twelve type phages that define L. lactis phage species. This paper describes the nucleotide sequence and analysis of a 21-kbp region of the BK5-T genome and completes the nucleotide sequence of the genome of this phage. The 40,003-nucleotide linear genome encodes 63 open reading frames. Sequence runoff experiments showed that the cohesive ends of the BK5-T genome contained a 12-bp 3 single-stranded overhang with the sequence 5-CACACACATAGG-3. Two major BK5-T structural proteins, of approximately 30 and 20 kDa, were identified, and N-terminal sequence analysis determined that they were encoded by orf7 and orf12, respectively. A 169-bp fragment containing a 37-bp direct repeat and several smaller repeat sequences conferred resistance to BK5-T infection when introduced in trans to the host cell and is likely a part of the BK5-T origin of replication (ori).Lactic acid bacteria are used extensively as starter cultures in the dairy industry. The bacteria ferment lactose to lactic acid, a crucial process in cheese manufacture. One of the major microbiological problems faced by the dairy fermentation industry is the susceptibility of the starter bacteria to bacteriophage infection. Such infections result in lysis of starter cultures and failure of the fermentation. Since reports of bacteriophage infection of starter strains as early as 1935 (64), an increasing number of bacteriophages have been identified and considerable research has been conducted to improve our understanding of these viruses and their interaction with their hosts.BK5-T is a temperate bacteriophage with a small isometric head and a noncontractile tail of 232 nm in length (24) first isolated from Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris BK5 (23). Boyce et al. (8) determined the nucleotide sequence of approximately 19 kbp of the BK5-T genome, which defined the EcoRI restriction fragments EcoRI-a and EcoRI-b (32). Thirty-two open reading frames (ORFs) were identified, and the predicted amino acid sequences encoded by several of these ORFs demonstrated significant homology with sequences available in protein databases. Analysis of the partial genome sequence also identified a putative BK5-T immunity region containing regulatory elements involved in determination of the phage lysisor-lysogeny decision (7). This report describes the nucleotide sequence of the remaining 21 kbp of the BK5-T genome and characterizes the phage termini, major structural proteins, and the putative origin of replication. MATERIALS AND METHODSBacterial strains and media. The strains and plasmids used in this investigation are listed in Table 1. Escherichia coli strain JM107 was incubated at 37°C with shaking in 2TY medium (42). The BK5-T indicator strain L. lactis subsp. cremoris H2 was grown at 30°C for 16 h in M17 medium supplemented with 0.5% (wt/vol) glucose (M17G) (57). When necessary, the antibiotic erythromycin (2.5 g/ml for L. lactis or 200 g/ml for E. coli) or ampicillin (150 g/ml for E. coli) was included in the m...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Sequence Analysis and Molecular Characterization of the Lactococcus lactis Temperate Bacteriophage BK5-T

Mahanivong

Boyce

Davidson

et al. 2001

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…In this situation, CI expression should be more strongly dependent on P RM than CII-activated P RE for two reasons. First, production of CI from P RE appears to be low during prophage induction, in part because CII production is reduced by the SOS-induced OOP antisense RNA (Krinke et al 1991). In support of this, it has been shown that P RE − mutations do not affect spontaneous phage production from a lysogen (Baek et al 2003).…”

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confidence: 73%

Cro’s role in the CI–Cro bistable switch is critical for λ’s transition from lysogeny to lytic development

Schubert

Dodd²,

Egan³

et al. 2007

Genes Dev.

104

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CI represses cro; Cro represses cI. This double negative feedback loop is the core of the classical CI-Cro epigenetic switch of bacteriophage . Despite the classical status of this switch, the role in development of Cro repression of the P RM promoter for CI has remained unclear. To address this, we created binding site mutations that strongly impaired Cro repression of P RM with only minimal effects on CI regulation of P RM . These mutations had little impact on development after infection but strongly inhibited the transition from lysogeny to the lytic pathway. We demonstrate that following inactivation of CI by ultraviolet treatment of lysogens, repression of P RM by Cro is needed to prevent synthesis of new CI that would otherwise significantly impede lytic development. Thus a bistable CI-Cro circuit reinforces the commitment to a developmental transition.

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“…In particular, we noted that none of these promoters, with the exception of the LexA-responsive promoters (see above), has been tested experimentally, and therefore their identification is regarded as tentative. In addition, putative rho-independent (stem-loop) transcription terminators are located between early protein coding regions immediately 3Ј of genes 22,23,26,31,36,51,52,58, and 62 ( Fig. 2).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among these are the control of the 186 tum gene promoter (10), 's P oop promoter (58,62), and Fels-2, Gifsy-1, and Gifsy-2 (genes STM2731, STM2621, and STM1019, respectively) by the LexA repressor (11); control of the Mu P mom promoter by the OxyR protein (44); control of the prophage-borne diphtheria toxin gene by the DtxR repressor (74); and control of the P Stx1 Shiga toxin promoter of phage H-19B by the iron-regulated Fur repressor (12,24). We show here that the KO2 genes 22 and 23 are similarly regulated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The pKO2 Linear Plasmid Prophage ofKlebsiella oxytoca

et al. 2004

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Temperate bacteriophages with plasmid prophages are uncommon in nature, and of these only phages N15 and PY54 are known to have a linear plasmid prophage with closed hairpin telomeres. We report here the complete nucleotide sequence of the 51,601-bp Klebsiella oxytoca linear plasmid pKO2, and we demonstrate experimentally that it is also a prophage. We call this bacteriophage KO2. An analysis of the 64 predicted KO2 genes indicate that it is a fairly close relative of phage N15; they share a mosaic relationship that is typical of different members of double-stranded DNA tailed-phage groups. Although the head, tail shaft, and lysis genes are not recognizably homologous between these phages, other genes such as the plasmid partitioning, replicase, prophage repressor, and protelomerase genes (and their putative targets) are so similar that we predict that they must have nearly identical DNA binding specificities. The KO2 virion is unusual in that its phage -like tails have an exceptionally long (3,433 amino acids) central tip tail fiber protein. The KO2 genome also carries putative homologues of bacterial dinI and umuD genes, both of which are involved in the host SOS response. We show that these divergently transcribed genes are regulated by LexA protein binding to a single target site that overlaps both promoters.Temperate bacteriophages usually physically integrate their prophage DNAs into the host bacterium's chromosome when they establish lysogeny. However, a few prophages, such as those of phages P1, N15, LE1, 20, and BB-1, are not integrated but replicate in the lysogen as low-copy-number plasmids (32,38,52,53,84). Of these, the Escherichia coli doublestranded DNA (dsDNA) tailed-phage N15 has an unusual linear prophage plasmid that has covalently closed hairpin telomeres (67, 68). Although N15 has been studied in some detail (83,85,87), few other phages with similar linear DNA prophages have been described. While this paper was being prepared, another linear plasmid prophage, PY54, was reported for Yersinia enterocolitica (48). Furthermore, the linear, hairpin-ended plasmids Lp28-2 and Lp54 in the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi B31-MI carry sequence similarities to dsDNA phage virion assembly genes (19, 33); however, they have not yet been shown to be bone fide prophages. Linear plasmids are very rare in the ␥-Proteobacteria, but it has been reported that Klebsiella oxytoca strain CCUG 15788 (a nickelresistant bacterium isolated from the mineral oil-water coolant-lubricant emulsion of a metal working machine in Göte-borg, Sweden, in 1989 [69]) harbors a linear plasmid, pKO2, of about 50 kbp (95). Since this is close to the size of the N15 linear plasmid prophage, we were prompted to investigate the possibility that this plasmid could be a prophage. We report here the complete nucleotide sequence of pKO2, a linear plasmid prophage that encodes the synthesis of a tailed-phage particle, and the analysis of some of its properties. MATERIALS AND METHODSBacterial strains and plasmid construction. The bacterial st...

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The role of the OOP antisense RNA in coliphage λ development

Cited by 42 publications

References 32 publications

Sequence Analysis and Molecular Characterization of the Lactococcus lactis Temperate Bacteriophage BK5-T

Sequence Analysis and Molecular Characterization of the Lactococcus lactis Temperate Bacteriophage BK5-T

Cro’s role in the CI–Cro bistable switch is critical for λ’s transition from lysogeny to lytic development

The pKO2 Linear Plasmid Prophage ofKlebsiella oxytoca

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