The role of tip-localized mitochondria in hyphal growth

Levina, Natalia; Lew, Roger R.

doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2005.06.008

Cited by 52 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…This plasma membrane enzyme is necessary for the establishment of the tip-based Ca 2+ gradient, which is, in turn, essential for root hair polar growth (Foreman et al, 2003). Furthermore, tip-localized mitochondria seem to be important for the clearance of the high cytoplasmic concentration of calcium in the growing tip (Levina and Lew, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitochondrial β-Cyanoalanine Synthase Is Essential for Root Hair Formation in Arabidopsis thaliana

et al. 2010

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Cyanide is stoichiometrically produced as a coproduct of the ethylene biosynthesis pathway and is detoxified by b-cyanoalanine synthase enzymes. The molecular and phenotypical analysis of T-DNA insertion mutants of the mitochondrial b-cyanoalanine synthase CYS-C1 suggests that discrete accumulation of cyanide is not toxic for the plant and does not alter mitochondrial respiration rates but does act as a strong inhibitor of root hair development. The cys-c1 null allele is defective in root hair formation and accumulates cyanide in root tissues. The root hair defect is phenocopied in wild-type plants by the exogenous addition of cyanide to the growth medium and is reversed by the addition of hydroxocobalamin or by genetic complementation with the CYS-C1 gene. Hydroxocobalamin not only recovers the root phenotype of the mutant but also the formation of reactive oxygen species at the initial step of root hair tip growth. Transcriptional profiling of the cys-c1 mutant reveals that cyanide accumulation acts as a repressive signal for several genes encoding enzymes involved in cell wall rebuilding and the formation of the root hair tip as well as genes involved in ethylene signaling and metabolism. Our results demonstrate that mitochondrial b-cyanoalanine synthase activity is essential to maintain a low level of cyanide for proper root hair development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitochondrial β-Cyanoalanine Synthase Is Essential for Root Hair Formation in Arabidopsis thaliana

et al. 2010

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“…The elevated Ca 2ϩ level at the tip is generated from internal stores and is sequestered behind the tip by tip-localized mitochondria (18), among other mechanisms. In the nca-2 mutant, hyphal tip morphology and tip-localized mitochondrial distributions are unaffected, even by elevated external Ca 2ϩ concentrations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tip-localized mitochondria were imaged using MitoFluor Red 589 (18). Overnight cultures grown on YPD plus agar were flooded with 2 ml of OM (containing the dye), and growing hyphae at the colony edge were imaged with a 40ϫ water immersion objective on a Zeiss Axioskop 2 microscope.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To assess the impact of Ca 2ϩ hypersensitivity of the nca-2 mutant in greater detail, the effects of elevated extracellular Ca 2ϩ concentrations on tip growth and mitochondrial distributions at growing tips were examined. Tip-localized mitochondria play a role in Ca 2ϩ sequestration (18); therefore, mitochondrial distributions at growing hyphal tips were examined before and after treatment with elevated Ca 2ϩ concentrations (Fig. 8).…”

Section: Fig 4 Effects Of Elevated Cytoplasmic Camentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrical Phenotypes of Calcium Transport Mutant Strains of a Filamentous Fungus, Neurospora crassa

Hamam

Lew

2012

Eukaryot Cell

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We characterized the electrical phenotypes of mutants with mutations in genes encoding calcium transporters-a mechanosensitive channel homolog (MscS), a Ca 2؉ /H ؉ exchange protein (cax), and Ca 2؉ -ATPases (nca-1, nca-2, nca-3)-as well as those of double mutants (the nca-2 cax, nca-2 nca-3, and nca-3 cax mutants). The electrical characterization used dual impalements to obtain cable-corrected current-voltage measurements. Only two types of mutants (the MscS mutant; the nca-2 mutant and nca-2-containing double mutants) exhibited lower resting potentials. For the nca-2 mutant, on the basis of unchanged conductance and cyanide-induced depolarization of the potential, the cause is attenuated H ؉ -ATPase activity. The growth of the nca-2 mutant-containing strains was inhibited by elevated extracellular Ca 2؉ levels, indicative of lesions in Ca 2؉ homeostasis. However, the net Ca 2؉ effluxes of the nca-2 mutant, measured noninvasively with a self-referencing Ca 2؉ -selective microelectrode, were similar to those of the wild type. All of the mutants exhibited osmosensitivity similar to that of the wild type (the turgor of the nca-2 mutant was also similar to that of the wild type), suggesting that Ca 2؉ signaling does not play a role in osmoregulation. The hyphal tip morphology and tip-localized mitochondria of the nca-2 mutant were similar to those of the wild type, even when the external [Ca 2؉ ] was elevated. Thus, although Ca 2؉ homeostasis is perturbed in the nca-2 mutant (B. J. Bowman et al., Eukaryot. Cell 10:654 -661, 2011), the phenotype does not extend to tip growth or to osmoregulation but is revealed by lower H ؉ -ATPase activity.

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“…The latter are characterised by nuclear division and spore formation, which develop into monokaryotic filaments (tip-growing). As in other tipgrowing organisms, this process requires a high density of tip-localised mitochondria (Levina and Lew 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Biocommunication of Fungal Organisms

Witzany

2009

Biocommunication and Natural Genome Editing

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The development and growth of fungal organisms depend on successful communication processes (a) within the organism and between organisms, (b) with the same or related species and (c) with non-related organisms. In order to generate an appropriate response behaviour, fungal organisms must also be able to (d) correctly interpret meaningful information from the abiotic environment. However, these communication and interpretation processes can also fail. In such cases the overall results can induce disease-causing and even lethal consequences for the organism.This review will not enrich the knowledge of specialists in fungal research, but will demonstrate to a broader readership the different levels of fungal communication and how versatile fungal communicative competences really are. Interestingly, certain rules of fungal communication are very similar to those of animals, while others resemble those of plants. The correspondence between all three eukaryotic kingdoms has two aspects: (1) the context determines the meaning of trans-, inter-and intra-organismic (inter-and intracellular) communication, while (2) differences in abiotic and biotic signal perception determine the content arrangement of response behaviour.

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The role of tip-localized mitochondria in hyphal growth

Cited by 52 publications

References 48 publications

Mitochondrial β-Cyanoalanine Synthase Is Essential for Root Hair Formation in Arabidopsis thaliana

Mitochondrial β-Cyanoalanine Synthase Is Essential for Root Hair Formation in Arabidopsis thaliana

Electrical Phenotypes of Calcium Transport Mutant Strains of a Filamentous Fungus, Neurospora crassa

Biocommunication of Fungal Organisms

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