The role of trust in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and acceptance among Black and White Americans

Determinants of Vaccine Hesitancy among African American and Black Individuals in the United States of America: A Systematic Literature Review

“…Younger adults, 18–24 years old, reported greater hesitancy compared to adults 75 years old. Reinhart et al [ 8 ] determined that, for Black respondents, age was the only demographic variable positively associated with vaccine acceptance, showing older respondents as being more accepting of the vaccine than younger respondents. Willis et al [ 30 ] found that, among Black adults in Arkansas, those reporting higher levels of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy were younger, on average.…”

“…On the contrary, Wagner et al [ 27 ] showed that, among Black non-Hispanic (NH) Detroiters, the odds of vaccination were higher among females than among males, while studies conducted by Bogart et al [ 12 ], Willis et al [ 30 ], Sharma et al [ 31 ], and Minaya et al [ 32 ] did not find an association between gender and vaccine acceptance. Interestingly, Reinhart et al [ 8 ] showed an indirect and positive effect of female gender on vaccine acceptance through trust in institutions and physicians.…”

“…Despite mass vaccination being recognized as the most effective approach to curbing COVID-19 mortality rates, a considerable number of Americans remained hesitant toward receiving the vaccine [ 7 , 8 ]. Notably, disparities in vaccination rates have been observed across racial and ethnic groups [ 9 ], with particularly low rates reported among Black and African American individuals at the start of the vaccination campaign.…”

“…A recurring theme in this body of work is the historical distrust experienced by African American communities toward the healthcare system and governmental institutions [ 12 , 16 ]. Several studies have demonstrated how mistrust in government and pharmaceutical organizations has emerged as the main reason for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy [ 8 , 17 ]. Furthermore, other studies have highlighted how vaccine hesitancy can stem from exposure to misinformation or misconceptions about the risks and benefits of vaccines [ 4 , 18 ].…”

Trusted messengers and trusted messages: The role for community-based organizations in promoting COVID-19 and routine immunizations

“…These components, as adapted from the virtuous cycle of a Trust and Influence Loop model by LeadingAgile [36] , are useful to understand because of growing interest in supporting innovative ways to identify and address health-related social needs, particularly of the most vulnerable communities [37] . While the core concepts of building relationships of trust in vulnerable communities to eventually transform health is well-documented in the health literature [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [38] , [39] , [40] , [41] , our use of these specific steps from this business marketing Trust and Influence Loop model is a novel application to the vaccine decision-making literature. Using these concepts, partnerships with CBOs provide unique opportunities to address population health disparities.…”