The role of unregulated chicken marketing practices on the frequency of Newcastle disease outbreaks in Kenya

Ipara, Billy Okemer; Otieno, David Jakinda; Nyikal, Rose Adhiambo; Makokha, Stellah Nabwile

doi:10.3382/ps/pez463

Cited by 12 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…According to the farmer respondents, the occurrence of ND in the village chicken is associated with the presence of the outbreak in the neighboring villages and the presence of dogs in the household that scavenge dead birds' cadavers. This agrees with a Kenyan study conducted by Ipara et al. (2019) that showed the lack of uniformity in hygienic practices used in live chicken markets, leading to increased disease outbreaks.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

The role of live chicken markets as a source of replication and dissemination of Newcastle disease virus in chickens, northwest Ethiopia

2020

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Newcastle disease ( ND ) is perceived to be the major constraint in village chickens of Ethiopia causing huge economic loss. Village chickens are mobile and pass through markets, and live chicken markets are a highly productive source of ND virus replication, maintenance, and spread. However, in northwest of Ethiopia, there is a dearth of information on the role of live chicken markets in the maintenance and spread of ND in the village chickens. Therefore, a total of 480 apparently healthy chickens in the 4 live chicken markets were sampled with the aim to detect and estimate ND virus infection. Tracheal and cloacal swabs were collected from each bird and processed for virus isolation in 9- to 11-day-old embryonated chicken eggs, and hemagglutination inhibition ( HI ) assay was performed on all sera samples. The overall infection rate of ND virus was reported to be 39.2% (95% CI: 34.8–43.5). Of all chickens, 34.6% (95% CI: 30.3–38.9) had mean HI titer ≥4 log 2 , which was considered as protective. The mean hemagglutination titer for the ND virus was reported to be 6.0 log 2 , and mean antibody titer was reported to be 6.2 log 2 , with no statistically significant variation among the markets ( P > 0.05). Newcastle disease occurrence was detected in all seasons of the year in the live bird markets, with the highest prevalence (55.8%) during the prerainy dry season (April and May), showing evidence for climatic and socioeconomic aspects as a risk factor in the occurrence of ND in indigenous chicken. In vivo virulence tests, mean death time of the embryo, and the intracerebral pathogenicity index revealed the presence of all pathotypes of ND virus strains: velogenic, mesogenic, and lentogenic. Apparently, healthy appearing birds were reported to be reservoirs of velogenic ND virus strains that could initiate endemicity of ND cycles in the village setting. Hence, it is strongly recommended to implement appropriate prevention and control measures to mitigate the economic loss caused by the disease.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

The role of live chicken markets as a source of replication and dissemination of Newcastle disease virus in chickens, northwest Ethiopia

2020

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“…The finding of higher NDV prevalence amongst the chickens at the LBMs compared to BPFs is important because LBMs are the backbone of the Kenyan poultry industry; 20 of the 32 vNDV isolates described here were from LBM chickens. In Kenya, there is no virus screening along the dominantly informal and unregulated (i.e., without any biocontrol measures) chicken marketing chains, which have recently been reported to result in an increased frequency of ND outbreaks in the country [ 3 ]. Further, depending on factors such as price fluctuations, the anticipation of holidays and festivals, etc., many Kenyan traders opt to keep their birds for extended periods of time during which new birds from various localities are introduced and mixed with old stocks in unhygienic and crowded cages, often with insufficient feed/water or veterinary services.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indigenous chickens ( Gallus gallus domesticus ), which, in the Kenyan context, are described as “non-descript crosses of Asiatic meat and game types, Mediterranean egg-types and Bantams of various origins” [ 2 ], dominate poultry production systems (backyard poultry farms; BPFs) in rural Kenya, accounting for ~ 80% of the poultry population and approximately 50% of egg production. Live poultry trade between the BPFs and live bird markets (LBMs) is highly unregulated, and biosecurity measures in the BPFs and along the trade routes are non-existent [ 3 , 4 ]. The movement of live birds between BPFs and transportation to urban/peri-urban LBMs potentially facilitates the spread of viral diseases to naïve poultry [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surveillance and Genetic Characterization of Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus Subgenotype V.3 in Indigenous Chickens from Backyard Poultry Farms and Live Bird Markets in Kenya

Kariithi

Ferreira

Welch

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Kenyan poultry consists of ~80% free-range indigenous chickens kept in small flocks (~30 birds) on backyard poultry farms (BPFs) and they are traded via live bird markets (LBMs). Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was detected in samples collected from chickens, wild farm birds, and other domestic poultry species during a 2017–2018 survey conducted at 66 BPFs and 21 LBMs in nine Kenyan counties. NDV nucleic acids were detected by rRT-PCR L-test in 39.5% (641/1621) of 1621 analyzed samples, of which 9.67% (62/641) were NDV-positive by both the L-test and a fusion-test designed to identify the virulent virus, with a majority being at LBMs (64.5%; 40/62) compared to BPFs (25.5%; 22/62). Virus isolation and next-generation sequencing (NGS) on a subset of samples resulted in 32 complete NDV genome sequences with 95.8–100% nucleotide identities amongst themselves and 95.7-98.2% identity with other east African isolates from 2010-2016. These isolates were classified as a new sub-genotype, V.3, and shared 86.5–88.9% and 88.5–91.8% nucleotide identities with subgenotypes V.1 and V.2 viruses, respectively. The putative fusion protein cleavage site (113R-Q-K-R↓F 117) in all 32 isolates, and a 1.86 ICPI score of an isolate from a BPF chicken that had clinical signs consistent with Newcastle disease, confirmed the high virulence of the NDVs. Compared to genotypes V and VI viruses, the attachment (HN) protein of 18 of the 32 vNDVs had amino acid substitutions in the antigenic sites. A time-scaled phylogeographic analysis suggests a west-to-east dispersal of the NDVs via the live chicken trade, but the virus origins remain unconfirmed due to scarcity of continuous and systematic surveillance data. This study reveals the widespread prevalence of vNDVs in Kenyan backyard poultry, the central role of LBMs in the dispersal and possibly generation of new virus variants, and the need for robust molecular epidemiological surveillance in poultry and non-poultry avian species.

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“…Indigenous chicken have important socioeconomic and nutritional roles in the study areas of Nandi and Kakamega counties [9,10]. In Kakamega County it is the main source of animal protein and it has cultural and traditional importance among the native communities [11]. Kakamega County has an estimated indigenous chicken population of 959,749 [9].…”

Section: Background Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indigenous Chicken Productivity and Associated Farm-Level Attributes among Producers in the Western Parts of Kenya

Cheruiyot

Adhiaya²

2021

JAERI

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Indigenous chicken production is an important sub-sector in Kenya. About 90% of rural communities keep indigenous chicken in small flocks. They provide the much needed high value protein and income for the rural households. Despite its importance; the productivity of the sub-sector greatly varies depending on the management systems deployed by the producers. The management systems are thought to be influenced by demographic; socio-economic and information literacy factors. This study investigated the potential links between these factors and indigenous chicken productivity in two regions in the Western parts of Kenya. The survey study adopted a descriptive approach. Semi-structured interview schedules were used to collect data from a sample of 106 smallholder producers. Purposive and multi-stage sampling techniques were used to select the participants from among producers who had shown interest in the commercialization of indigenous chicken following awareness meetings conducted by public extension agents in the two regions. Data was analyzed by use of descriptive statistics and correlation estimates using Kendalls’ tau-b and Goodman-Kruskalls’ Gamma coefficients. Gender; education levels; flock size; information literacy and access to markets had significant association (P < .05) with some indigenous chicken productivity indicators that were investigated.

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The role of unregulated chicken marketing practices on the frequency of Newcastle disease outbreaks in Kenya

Cited by 12 publications

References 11 publications

The role of live chicken markets as a source of replication and dissemination of Newcastle disease virus in chickens, northwest Ethiopia

The role of live chicken markets as a source of replication and dissemination of Newcastle disease virus in chickens, northwest Ethiopia

Surveillance and Genetic Characterization of Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus Subgenotype V.3 in Indigenous Chickens from Backyard Poultry Farms and Live Bird Markets in Kenya

Indigenous Chicken Productivity and Associated Farm-Level Attributes among Producers in the Western Parts of Kenya

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