The role of urban transport in delivering Sustainable Development Goal 11: Learning from two Indian cities

Assessing urban sustainability in Saudi Arabia: an empirical evidence from Al-Medina Al-Munawwarah

“…Sustainable transportation is another target of SDG 11 that aims to improve accessibility and enhance economic activities. This target includes several indicators, such as the ratio of household's expenditure on transportation, the rate of car ownership, average time drive from CBD to any area of the city (in minutes), the overall amount of road network within the urban boundary, and the amount of road surface per capita [48,[55][56][57]. Sustainable economic development requires reducing the household's expenditure on transportation, to between 10% and 20% of household income [44], achieved through an effective public transportation system [55].…”

“…This target includes several indicators, such as the ratio of household's expenditure on transportation, the rate of car ownership, average time drive from CBD to any area of the city (in minutes), the overall amount of road network within the urban boundary, and the amount of road surface per capita [48,[55][56][57]. Sustainable economic development requires reducing the household's expenditure on transportation, to between 10% and 20% of household income [44], achieved through an effective public transportation system [55]. The effectiveness of public transportation is dependent on the ability of city planning to interconnect lines that depict the arrangement of streets or roads of the overall amount of road network within the urban boundary [58].…”

“…The efficiency of road network impacts the time spent on travelling; the lower the average travel time, the lower expenditure on transportation [59]. Environmentally, reducing travel time decreases non-renewable energy consumption which leads to environmental degradation, particularly transportation is still mainly dependent on fossil fuels sources in developing countries [55].…”

Including SDGs in low-carbon transport scenarios: A case of Udaipur

“…Low-carbon transport becomes an integral part of countries' Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to mitigate global warming or control warming beyond 2 ℃ or 1.5 ℃ above the pre-industrial level [17] . Low-carbon transport is often conceptualized as land-use transport integration that (i) reverses the need for travel via personal motorized transport, (ii) reduces share and frequency of longer trips, (iii) promotes alternative fuel vehicles, with emphasis on electrification of urban transport and biofuels, (iv) promotes energy-efficient vehicles and stringent emission norms, and (vi) promotes active transport to reap co-benefits like healthier communities [18][19][20] .…”

“…Although the need to create low-carbon transport systems is universal, the pathways to achieve the same drastically vary across levels of economic development [20] . For example, the core principle of low-carbon transport-reducing travel demand-is well suited for populations of the Global North for whom mobility and accessibility are a lived experience through transport.…”