The Role of Viral and Host MicroRNAs in the Aujeszky’s Disease Virus during the Infection Process

Abstract

Porcine production is a primary market in the world economy. Controlling swine diseases in the farm is essential in order to achieve the sector necessities. Aujeszky’s disease is a viral condition affecting pigs and is endemic in many countries of the world, causing important economic losses in the swine industry. microRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs which modulates gene expression in animals, plants and viruses. With the aim of understanding miRNA roles during the Aujeszky’s disease virus [ADV] (also known as suid herpesvirus type 1 [SuHV-1]) infection, the expression profiles of host and viral miRNAs were determined through deep sequencing in SuHV-1 infected porcine cell line (PK-15) and in an animal experimental SuHV-1 infection with virulent (NIA-3) and attenuated (Begonia) strains. In the in vivo approach miR-206, miR-133a, miR-133b and miR-378 presented differential expression between virus strains infection. In the in vitro approach, most miRNAs were down-regulated in infected groups. miR-92a and miR-92b-3p were up-regulated in Begonia infected samples. Functional analysis of all this over expressed miRNAs during the infection revealed their association in pathways related to viral infection processes and immune response. Furthermore, 8 viral miRNAs were detected by stem loop RT-qPCR in both in vitro and in vivo approaches, presenting a gene regulatory network affecting 59 viral genes. Most described viral miRNAs were related to Large Latency Transcript (LLT) and to viral transcription activators EP0 and IE180, and also to regulatory genes regarding their important roles in the host – pathogen interaction during viral infection.

A 2.5-Kilobase Deletion Containing a Cluster of Nine MicroRNAs in the Latency-Associated-Transcript Locus of the Pseudorabies Virus Affects the Host Response of Porcine Trigeminal Ganglia during Established Latency

“…However, with few exceptions, all miRNAs were found expressed by both the 5= and 3= arms of their precursor sequences, and as expected, one form was predominant (Table 2). Furthermore, the predominant mature miRNAs encoded by the prv-mir-LLT7 and prv-mir-LLT8 genes were those of the 3= arm, as previously detected (23,48) but not yet annotated in miRBase. To clarify the issue, we revised the nomenclature of all PrV miRNAs by adding the arm of origin information ( Table 2).…”

“…No new PrV miRNAs were identified (Table 2). Furthermore, we did not detect the offset-miRNA (moRNA) encoded by the prv-mir-LLT8 gene previously found in dendritic cells during productive PrV infection, identified as prv-miR-4 (22) or moR-8 (23,48). The PrV miRNAs still are annotated as unique mature sequence in the latest version (v21) of the miRBase database (www .mirbase.org).…”

“…6). Prv-miR-LLT1 is also the most highly expressed PrV miRNA in dendritic cells (22) and is the only one detected in trigeminal ganglia of pigs during acute infection, albeit at reduced sequencing depth (48). It is interesting that prv-miR-LLT10-3p, which maps outside the deleted region, was expressed by both M and WT virus at levels similar to those of prv-miR-LLT1-3p and prv-miR-LLT2-5p, which contrasts with the low expression of this miRNA during productive infection ( Table 2 and Fig.…”

Evolutionary Diversity of Suid Herpesvirus 1 Based on Ul44 Partial Sequences

“…Although there are differences in disease outcome and virus shedding between viruses isolated from DS and WS, there was no correlation between the position of the isolates in the phylogenetic tree and virulence even when tests were carried out in vivo [41]. It is possible that aspects of virulence are related to other markers in the genome and other biological characteristics such as viral and host microRNAs [42]. …”

MicroRNAs and cancer: Key paradigms in molecular therapy (Review)

“…In the previous two decades, numerous studies have indicated the important role of miRNAs in the regulation of crucial cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, migration, apoptosis, metabolism and the stress response (5). miRNAs have been demonstrated to act as key regulators in the pathogenesis of diseases (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11), particularly in cancer.…”