The role of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions in reducing soil-transmitted helminths: interpreting the evidence and identifying next steps

Nery, Susana Vaz; Pickering, Amy J.; Abate, Ebba; Asmare, Abraham; Barrett, Laura C.; Benjamin‐Chung, Jade; Bundy, Donald; Clasen, Thomas; Clements, Archie C. A.; Colford, John M.; Ercümen, Ayşe; Crowley, Siobhan; Cumming, Oliver; Freeman, Matthew C.; Haque, Rashidul; Mengistu, Birhan; Oswald, William E.; Pullan, Rachel L.; Oliveira, Rita G.; Owen, Katey Einterz; Walson, Judd L.; Youya, Ashrafedin; Brooker, Simon

doi:10.1186/s13071-019-3532-6

Cited by 109 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Children who reported always use of school drinking water were found to have lower odds of T. trichiura. Availability of drinking water to children especially when in school is key in controlling STH infections especially A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura since these infections are transmitted mainly through ingestion of contaminated food items like vegetables, fruits or drinking water [64]; this finding is consistent with other previous studies conducted among primary school children [8,32,65]. Children from households possessing assets such as television sets and electricity had lower odds of any STH infection.…”

Section: Plos Neglected Tropical Diseasessupporting

confidence: 88%

Prevalence, intensity and associated risk factors of soil-transmitted helminth and schistosome infections in Kenya: Impact assessment after five rounds of mass drug administration in Kenya

Okoyo

Campbell²,

Williams

et al. 2020

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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Background In Kenya, over five million school age children (SAC) are estimated to be at risk of parasitic worms causing soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) and schistosomiasis. As such, the Government of Kenya launched a National School Based Deworming (NSBD) program in 2012 targeting the at-risk SAC living in endemic regions, with the aim of reducing infections prevalence to a level where they no longer constitute a public health problem. The impact of the program has been consistently monitored from 2012 to 2017 through a robust and extensive monitoring and evaluation (M&E) program. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the parasitological outcomes and additionally investigate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) related factors associated with infection prevalence after five rounds of mass drug administration (MDA), to inform the program's next steps. Materials and methods We utilized a cross-sectional design in a representative, stratified, two-stage sample of school children across six regions in Kenya. A sample size of 100 schools with approximately 108 children per school was purposively selected based on the Year 5 STH infection endemicity prior to the survey. Stool samples were examined for the presence of STH and Schistosoma mansoni eggs using double-slide Kato-Katz technique, urine samples were processed using urine filtration technique for the presence of S. haematobium eggs. Survey questionnaires were administered to all the participating children to collect information on their demographic and individual, household and school level WASH characteristics.

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Section: Plos Neglected Tropical Diseasessupporting

confidence: 88%

Prevalence, intensity and associated risk factors of soil-transmitted helminth and schistosome infections in Kenya: Impact assessment after five rounds of mass drug administration in Kenya

Okoyo

Campbell²,

Williams

et al. 2020

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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“…It is well established that chemotherapy alone will not break the transmission cycle. Recent studies have also shown that programmes solely focusing on WASH have limited effect on STH incidence and may provide no additional impact compared to mass drug administration programmes alone [32][33][34][35]. In contrast, health education and promotion programmes can be highly effective at reducing the incidence of STH infections if designed appropriately such as the highly successful "Magic Glasses" study, which resulted in a 50% reduction in STH infections [36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of the “BALatrine” Intervention on Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections in Central Java, Indonesia: A Pilot Study

Gray

Kurscheid

et al. 2019

TropicalMed

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Many latrine campaigns in developing countries fail to be sustained because the introduced latrine is not appropriate to local socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions, and there is an inadequate community health education component. We tested a low-cost, locally designed and constructed all-weather latrine (the “BALatrine”), together with community education promoting appropriate hygiene-related behaviour, to determine whether this integrated intervention effectively controlled soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections. We undertook a pilot intervention study in two villages in Central Java, Indonesia. The villages were randomly allocated to either control or intervention with the intervention village receiving the BALatrine program and the control village receiving no program. STH-infection status was measured using the faecal flotation diagnostic method, before and eight months after the intervention. Over 8 months, the cumulative incidence of STH infection was significantly lower in the intervention village than in the control village: 13.4% vs. 27.5% (67/244 vs. 38/283, p < 0.001). The intervention was particularly effective among children: cumulative incidence 3.8% (2/53) for the intervention vs. 24.1% (13/54) for the control village (p < 0.001). The integrated BALatrine intervention was associated with a reduced incidence of STH infection. Following on from this pilot study, a large cluster-randomised controlled trial was commenced (ACTRN12613000523707).

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“…Combining WASH and MDA interventions can potentially reduce multiple NTDs as a long-term sustainable solution for many Venezuelan communities. In addition to deworming, STH transmission routes can be narrowed through WASH interventions that create barriers for parasites [15] . This approach, however, requires an effective drug such as IVM that can interrupt transmission of multiple nematodes to prevent reinfection.…”

Section: Ivermectin To Enhance Wash-mda Integrated Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ivermectin: repurposing a multipurpose drug for Venezuela's humanitarian crisis

Perez‐Garcia¹,

Mejias-Carpio²,

Delgado-Noguera³

et al. 2020

International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents

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The role of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions in reducing soil-transmitted helminths: interpreting the evidence and identifying next steps

Cited by 109 publications

References 29 publications

Prevalence, intensity and associated risk factors of soil-transmitted helminth and schistosome infections in Kenya: Impact assessment after five rounds of mass drug administration in Kenya

Prevalence, intensity and associated risk factors of soil-transmitted helminth and schistosome infections in Kenya: Impact assessment after five rounds of mass drug administration in Kenya

Impact of the “BALatrine” Intervention on Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections in Central Java, Indonesia: A Pilot Study

Ivermectin: repurposing a multipurpose drug for Venezuela's humanitarian crisis

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