The Role of Xanthine Oxidase in Hemodialysis-Induced Oxidative Injury: Relationship with Nutritional Status

Abstract

The role of xanthine oxidase (XOD) in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis treatment (HD) is poorly understood. Geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) ≤ 90 could be linked with malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome. This study measured XOD, myeloperoxidase (MPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), lipid hydroperoxides, total free thiol groups, and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) in 50 HD patients before commencing (pre-HD) and immediately after completion of HD session (post-HD) and in 22 healthy controls. Pre-HD serum hydroperoxides, AOPP, XOD, and SOD were higher and total thiol groups were lower in patients than in controls (P < 0.05, resp.). Compared to baseline values, serum MPO activity was increased irrespective of GNRI status. Serum XOD activity was increasing during HD treatment in the group with GNRI ≤ 90 (P = 0.030) whilst decreasing in the group with GNRI > 90 (P = 0.002). In a multiple regression analysis, post-HD serum XOD activity was independently associated with GNRI ≤ 90 (β ± SE: 0.398 ± 0.151; P = 0.012) and HD vintage (β ± SE: −0.349 ± 0.139; P = 0.016). These results indicate that an upregulated XOD may be implicated in HD-induced oxidative injury contributing to accelerated protein damage in patients with GNRI ≤ 90.

Predictive value of serum myeloperoxidase activity for thrombosis of arteriovenous fistulas

“…These results are in agreement with earlier reports that elevated levels of MPO can be associated with poor nutritional status, thereby connecting increased oxidative stress, malnutrition, and inflammation. Moreover, in malnourished end‐stage renal disease patients, oxidative stress biomarkers were reported to be much higher than in well‐nourished patients, in agreement with our previous study . If there is no ongoing infection, leukocytes are at rest, and release of oxidants into the vascular compartment occurs at a slow rate.…”

“…Moreover, in malnourished end-stage renal disease patients, oxidative stress biomarkers were reported to be much higher than in well-nourished patients, in agreement with our previous study. 15 If there is no ongoing infection, leukocytes are at rest, and release of oxidants into the vascular compartment occurs at a slow rate. However, in chronic kidney disease, there is permanent inflammation, in which polymorphonuclear leukocytes seem to be the common denominator of other clinical conditions, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and other risk factors.…”

Is the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index a Significant Predictor of Postoperative Complications in Patients with Esophageal Cancer Undergoing Esophagectomy?

“…However, despite its frequent use, albuminemia remains an unreliable indicator of the nutritional status, because it may be more closely related to inflammation or the hydration status than to malnutrition. Recently, the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI), a new prognostic index of nutritional status-related complications, has been proposed for the evaluation of at-risk elderly patients [1,2,3,4,5,6] and hemodialysis patients [7,8,9,10,11,12], and it was revealed to be a predictor of morbidity and mortality and for the possible use in grading the patient's nutritional status. The relationship between the GNRI and the morbidity of patients with gastrointestinal cancer has not yet been reported.…”

Cardiac and renal nitrosative-oxidative stress after acute poisoning by a nerve agent Tabun

“…The consequences of these oxidations are protein modification, inhibition of mitochondrial respiration and other enzymes, and lipid peroxidation. [7] The nitration of protein tyrosinyl residues yields 3-nitrotyrosine which is a stable product left by the short-lived peroxynitrite in vivo. The presence of nitrotyrosine suggests peroxynitrite-induced oxidative stress and injury.…”