The Role of Zinc, Manganse and Copper in Rumen Metabolism and Immune Function: A Review Article

Abstract

Trace minerals are dietary elements required by the body in minute amounts, ranging from 0.10 to 50.0 mg/kg dry matter in beef cattle diets [1]. These trace minerals are all necessary for the biochemical processes of the body that support proper growth and maintenance. For example, Cu is necessary for the function of superoxide dismutase and its removal of toxic byproducts from metabolic pathways [2]. The removal of these toxic byproducts allows for metabolism to proceed efficiently, uninhibited by damaging oxygen free radicals. Zinc, an important trace mineral for enzyme function, aides in the regulation of nucleic acid production, carbohydrate metabolism, and protein synthesis, thus providing a stable framework for development [3]. The immune system is part of the host's defense against destructive forces from outside the body, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, or from within, such as malignant cells or those that produce autoantibodies [4]. This system is composed of two branches: the innate or non-specific immune system, and the adaptive or specific immune system [5]. In this review paper, an attempt has been made to review effects of mineral supplements in Rumen Metabolism, effects on Immune Function in different species of animals.

The Effect of Zinc and/or Herbal Nutraceuticals on Rumen Fermentation, Microbiota and Histopathology in Lambs

“…It is well known that zinc plays catalytic, structural and regulatory roles for enzymes, proteins and transcription factors and is thus a key trace element for improving immune functions [7,8]. Additionally, the bioavailability of zinc from the diet in ruminants depends on the zinc's chemical form, content and interaction with dietary constituents [9,10].…”

Production and nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium absorption of sword bean leaf (Canavalia gladiata) in application of rock phosphate and VAM inoculation

“…Mineral Ca and P are needed by cattle and feed plants even in small quantities but its role is very important as a catalyst or a substance that can accelerate chemical compounds in the plant body. In the opinion of Hilal et al (2016) structurally, the Ca forms the structural components of the body's organs and livestock tissues in bones and teeth, while the phosphorus is in muscle proteins. Physiologically Ca minerals are present in body fluids and livestock networks as electrolytes that has function in the maintenance of osmotic pressure, acid base balance, membrane permeability and tissue stimulation.…”

Manganese and Its Role in Poultry Nutrition: An Overview

“…The organic mineral supplements in diet may provide higher Mn bioavailability in poultry species due to the occurrence of antagonists in comparison to the inorganic sources. In poultry, the Mn methionine was reported to be more bioavailable compared to the MnO (Fly et al, 1989;Hilal et al, 2016) or MnSO4 (Henry et al, 1989;Bai et al, 2012). Most organic sources of Mn used are bound to amino acids, which are thought to amplify the bioavailability by reducing complex formations with phytate Ca, P or fiber during the digestion process.…”