The Roles of Different Types of Trichomes in Tomato Resistance to Cold, Drought, Whiteflies, and Botrytis

Abstract

The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of the most popular vegetables in the world. In tomato production, due to the effects of diseases, insect pests, drought, and cold damage, large-scale production reduction is often caused. Plant trichomes are protruding attachments distributed on the surface of different plants, providing protection for plants. When the plant is under external stress, the trichomes can play an important role in protecting the plant from damage through its physical structure. The density and type of different trichomes are closely related to the stress resistance of tomatoes. The tomato wo mutant LA3186 (referred to herein as "3186M"), LA3186 (referred to herein as "3186L"), the ln mutant LA3-071 (referred to herein as "3-071"), and the tomato cultivar Jia Ren (referred to herein as "JR", used as the control), which possess different numbers of trichomes on the surface of the leaves, were used as materials; the glandular characteristics, types, and densities of the trichomes were observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM); and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to observe the subcellular structure in the leaves. The relationship between the different tomato trichomes and stress resistance was investigated with treatments of low temperature, drought, disease, and insects. This study provides a theoretical foundation and practical basis for the further utilization and regulation of the trichome-related characteristics of tomatoes.Agronomy 2020, 10, 411 2 of 16 VII are glandular trichomes, and II, III, V and VIII are nonglandular trichomes [8]. Type I glandular trichomes consist of six to 10 cells of slender glandular trichomes, are 2-3 mm in length, and have spherical and multicellular bases with small, round glandular cells at the hairy tip. Type I trichomes mainly contain acyl glucose. Type II nonglandular trichomes resemble type I trichomes but are nonglandular and short (0.2-1.0 mm) and have spherical and multicellular bases. Both type I glandular trichomes and type II nonglandular trichomes are spherical and multicellular at their base. The glands of the type I, IV, and VI trichomes contain acyl flavonoids, terpenoids, and sugars. Of these compounds, acyl sugar has a very high viscosity and can thus stick to herbivores and prevent them from feeding freely on the surface of a plant [9]. In addition, an increase in the flavonoid content on the surface of plants can prevent the exposure of the plant to highly penetrating UV-A (longwave blackspot-effect ultraviolet rays) and excessive damage [5]. Tomatoes can also produce or release some highly toxic compounds to prevent pest damage [2]. Dong and Huang found that trichomes of wheat cultivars resistant to root rot were significantly longer than those of commonly susceptible cultivars. This finding suggested that trichomes on plant leaves play an important role in resistance to wheat root rot pathogens [10,11].Trichomes can also protect plants from being damaged by excessive temperature and drought stress [12][13][14]. Th...

Chronic Gamma Irradiation Changes Phenotype and Gene Expression Partially Transmitted to Next-Generation Tomato Seedlings

“…Hase et al [17,63] showed that the frequency of DNA mutations, including single-substitutions, small InDels, and DNA structural variation, increased when irradiation was applied at higher doses. Trichomes are specialized cells that undergo differentiation from the epidermis of plants and play an essential role in conferring protection to plants against various biotic and abiotic stresses [64][65][66]. We detected a decrease in the density of type VI trichomes on leaves when gamma rays were used for chronic irradiation at a dose of 100-200 Gy for 4 weeks.…”

An advanced method for the release, enrichment and purification of high-quality Arabidopsis thaliana rosette leaf trichomes enables profound insights into the trichome proteome

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Modifying Anthocyanins Biosynthesis in Tomato Hairy Roots: A Test Bed for Plant Resistance to Ionizing Radiation and Antioxidant Properties in Space

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