The Roles of Fatty Acids and Apolipoproteins in the Kidneys

Abstract

The kidneys are organs that require energy from the metabolism of fatty acids and glucose; several studies have shown that the kidneys are metabolically active tissues with an estimated energy requirement similar to that of the heart. The kidneys may regulate the normal and pathological function of circulating lipids in the body, and their glomerular filtration barrier prevents large molecules or large lipoprotein particles from being filtered into pre-urine. Given the permeable nature of the kidneys, renal lipid metabolism plays an important role in affecting the rest of the body and the kidneys. Lipid metabolism in the kidneys is important because of the exchange of free fatty acids and apolipoproteins from the peripheral circulation. Apolipoproteins have important roles in the transport and metabolism of lipids within the glomeruli and renal tubules. Indeed, evidence indicates that apolipoproteins have multiple functions in regulating lipid import, transport, synthesis, storage, oxidation and export, and they are important for normal physiological function. Apolipoproteins are also risk factors for several renal diseases; for example, apolipoprotein L polymorphisms induce kidney diseases. Furthermore, renal apolipoprotein gene expression is substantially regulated under various physiological and disease conditions. This review is aimed at describing recent clinical and basic studies on the major roles and functions of apolipoproteins in the kidneys.

Tea Polysaccharide Ameliorates High-Fat Diet-Induced Renal Tubular Ectopic Lipid Deposition via Regulating the Dynamic Balance of Lipogenesis and Lipolysis

“…Under normal physiological conditions, circulating FFAs are taken up by FA transporter proteins (CD36) on the surface of cell membranes and pass into the cell for energy supply . The unused FFAs are synthesized into triglycerides for temporary storage via the lipogenesis pathway, which are subsequently broken down into FFAs for extracellular excretion by lipolysis pathway, thereby maintaining renal tubular lipid metabolism homeostasis. , However, once the balance between lipogenesis and lipolysis is disrupted, aberrant accumulation of triglycerides will lead to renal tubular ELD. Therefore, inhibiting lipogenesis and promoting lipolysis to maintain their dynamic balance may be effective strategies to prevent renal tubular ELD.…”

Effect of feeding high fat diets differing in fatty acid composition on oxidative stress markers and protein expression in mouse kidney

“…According to Blue et al (1983), the kidneys play a significant role in cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism, and thus require an efficient mechanism to eliminate surplus of these compounds. Additionally, an excess of FA can disrupt the reverse cholesterol and TG transport from the kidney through the apolipoprotein system (Pan, 2022). The increased accumulation of lipids in proximal tubule cells (PTC) can potentially induce lipotoxicity, cellular stress, and ultimately contribute to the onset of CKD (Sun et al, 2020).…”

CKD Urine Metabolomics: Modern Concepts and Approaches

“…Compounds related to fatty acid metabolism are also common in DKD diagnostic panels ( Table 2 ). Elevated albumin excretion and fatty acid loads filtrated by the glomerulus lead to the reabsorption of a bounded free acid surplus with albumin in the renal tubules [ 77 ]. Other processes connected with fatty acids’ metabolism and mentioned in the literature are kidney function maintenance [ 78 ], podocyte apoptosis by reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation [ 79 ], and keto acid metabolism [ 78 ].…”