The Roles of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists and Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) Inhibitors in Decreasing the Occurrence of Adverse Cardiorenal Events in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by increased serum glucose due to errors in insulin production or response. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus has continued to rise globally over the years, with roughly 7079 persons per 100,000 expected to be impacted by 2030. A vast number of patients with diabetes mellitus experience unfavorable side effects such as weight gain, hypoglycemia, and hepatorenal toxicity from the several diabetic medications available. These adverse effects may result in life-threatening consequences with a high likelihood of occurrence; therefore, ongoing efforts continue to develop medications with improved tolerability and better glycemic control. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) are examples of new innovative targeted therapies to manage diabetes mellitus and potentially improve cardiorenal conditions. This review article details the specific mechanisms of action, potential side effects, and cardiorenal benefits of GLP-1RA and SGLT-2i therapies to fully understand their roles in combating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D).

Comparison of Empagliflozin with other SGLT-2i and the Pharmacological Effects of Empagliflozin

“…The administration of empagliflozin can effectively reduce blood glucose levels, safeguard cardiovascular health, enhance cardiac outcomes, promote weight loss, preserve kidney function, and potentially exhibit anti-cancer properties [1,3,[6][7][8][9].…”

“…SGLT-2 is primarily responsible for facilitating glucose absorption from the distal tubule of the renal system. By impeding the activity of SGLT-2, empagliflozin effectively curtails glucose absorption, resulting in a subsequent decrease in the level of glucose in the blood [1,6,7]. Research has demonstrated that after 52 weeks of treatment with empagliflozin in a group of 127 individuals, the level of glycosylated hemoglobin decreased by 0.57% [2].…”

“…Diabetes mellitus is a medical condition characterized by impaired metabolic function because of deficiencies in insulin production and responsiveness, resulting in significant health problems [1]. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has become known as an urgent global health issue, exerting its influence on a vast population around the globe.…”

“…In addition, T2D has been found to be associated with the development of significant comorbidities, including chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Efforts should be made to address and mitigate the dangers connected with diabetes in order to safeguard the well-being of those who are particularly susceptible to these risks [1].…”

“…Hence, the advancement of novel pharmaceutical compounds holds significant significance. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) represent a novel class of targeted medicines that have emerged for the management of diabetes mellitus, with the potential to also enhance cardiorenal conditions [1].These exist research that provide evidence indicating that the protein Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) are an innovative sort of drug taken orally for anti-diabetes，which are involved in glucose transport in the kidneys and blocking SGLT-2 has been proved to suppress the intake of glucose by the kidneys, which causes lower blood glucose levels [4,5].They contain many types of drugs including empagliflozin, sergliflozin, remogliflozin, dapagliflozin, canagliflozin, ipragliflozin, tofogliflozin [4].…”