The roles of local, national and international designations in conserving biocultural diversity on a landscape scale

Creating common ground : The role of Indigenous Peoples’ sacred natural sites in conservation practice, management and policy

“…This study continues along the lines of several authors who aim to bridge this perceived divide (Brosius, 2006;Harmon, 2007;Mascia et al 2003). I draw on knowledge from approaches such as socio-ecological systems and adaptive management (Berkes & Turner, 2006;Holling, 2001) and examine the concept of biocultural diversity in relation to the conservation of sacred natural sites (Apgar, et al 2011;Hay-edie, et al 2011;Maffi, 2005a). According to Posey (1999), biological and cultural diversity are inextricably linked as a phenomenon known as biocultural diversity.…”

Traditional resource management and biocultural conservation: A case study for the relationship between Tombstone Territorial Park, the Tr'ondek Hwech'in and caribou.

“…The definition and goals of parks and protected areas has been evolving since the first park model was created in the United States in the mid to late 19 th century (Hay-Edie, Howard, Martin, and McCandless, 2011). The first park models symbolized a desire to maintain nature in its 'purest' and most untouched form.…”

“…Furthermore, it was felt that human use within parks should be restricted to recreational pursuits (Adams, 2005). It was not until the 1960's and 1970's that the continued exclusion of local Indigenous peoples from parks began to change the existing park paradigm; since this time, the role of people in parks has not only been changing, but hotly debated (Agrawal and Redford, 2009;Brokington and Igoe, 2006;Dearden and Rollins, 2009;Daniel and Robin, 2016;Gavin et al, 2015;Hay-Edie, Howard, Martin and McCandless, 2011;Hanna et al, 2008;Hough and Prozesky, 2010;Miller, Minteer and Malan, 2011;Phillips, 1998).…”

“…The inclusion of local people into parks and park management required a paradigm shift in thinking about the roles and goals of parks. New park designations that reflected this inclusion emerged as did new ideas in ethnoecology suggesting humans were part of the ecosystem and have had a hand in modifying most landscapes (Berkes, 2018;Berkes and Davidson-Hunt, 2006;Cocks, Dold, and Vetter, 2012;Ens et al, 2015;Hay-Edie et al, 2011;Hough and Prozesky, 2010;Gadgil, 1998;Gavin et al, 2015;Maffi, 2010;Wallington, Hobbs and Moore, 2005). The increase in attention to the human dimensions of resource management opened the door to research from diverse disciplines -outside of conservation science -that began to critique and uncover the hegemonic ideologies embedded in parks (e.g., the separation of nature and culture and the ideology of wilderness), and the overall lack of local Indigenous involvement (Adams, 2005;Cronon, 1995;Hay-Edie et al, 2011).…”

“…New park designations that reflected this inclusion emerged as did new ideas in ethnoecology suggesting humans were part of the ecosystem and have had a hand in modifying most landscapes (Berkes, 2018;Berkes and Davidson-Hunt, 2006;Cocks, Dold, and Vetter, 2012;Ens et al, 2015;Hay-Edie et al, 2011;Hough and Prozesky, 2010;Gadgil, 1998;Gavin et al, 2015;Maffi, 2010;Wallington, Hobbs and Moore, 2005). The increase in attention to the human dimensions of resource management opened the door to research from diverse disciplines -outside of conservation science -that began to critique and uncover the hegemonic ideologies embedded in parks (e.g., the separation of nature and culture and the ideology of wilderness), and the overall lack of local Indigenous involvement (Adams, 2005;Cronon, 1995;Hay-Edie et al, 2011). More recently, conservation debates have included the notion of biocultural diversity (Cocks and Wiersum, 2014;Ens et al, 2015Ens et al, , 2016Kassam, 2009;Maffi, 2010;Maffi and Dilts, 2014;Pilgram et al, 2009), and most recently, biocultural conservation (Cocks and Wiersum, 2014;Gavin et al, 2015).…”