The Roles of Recognition Processes and Look-Ahead Search in Time-Constrained Expert Problem Solving: Evidence From Grand-Master-Level Chess

Gobet, Fernand; Simon, Herbert A.

doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00666.x

Cited by 163 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…We do agree that pattern recognition plays an important role in chess, and that limiting thinking time affects the quality of play less than would be the case if search and analytic thinking were the only ingredients of skill. However, empirical results also show that limiting thinking time does affect performance (Gobet & Simon, 1996a). In addition, well-controlled experiments using interfering tasks similar to that described by Dreyfus and Dreyfus have shown that the quality of play is substantially impaired (Robbins et al, 1995).…”

Section: Weaknesses Of the Theorymentioning

confidence: 90%

Towards an alternative to Benner's theory of expert intuition in nursing: A discussion paper

Gobet

Chassy

2008

International Journal of Nursing Studies

Self Cite

117

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Several authors have highlighted the role of intuition in expertise. In particular, a large amount of data has been collected about intuition in expert nursing, and intuition plays an important role in the influential theory of nursing expertise developed by Benner (1984). We discuss this theory, and highlight both data that support it and data that challenge it. Based on this assessment, we propose a new theory of nursing expertise and intuition, which emphasizes how perception and conscious problem solving are intimately related. In the discussion, we propose that this theory opens new avenues of enquiry for research into nursing expertise. KeywordsCare, decision-making, expertise, intuition, memory, nursing, pattern recognition Expert Intuition in Nursing 3 Towards an alternative to Benner's theory of expert intuition in nursing:A discussion paper What is already known about the topic?• While the role of intuition in nursing has been the topic of considerable debate, studies have established that this is a genuine phenomenon.• Definitions of experts' intuition emphasize five features: rapid perception, lack of awareness of the processes engaged, presence of emotions, holistic understanding of the situation, and overall good quality of the proposed solutions.• The literature often refers to Patricia Benner's theory of nursing expertise, which proposes that the road to expertise encompasses five stages. What this paper adds• A detailed discussion of Benner's theory, which leads to the conclusion that the theory is too simple to account for the complex pattern of phenomena that recent research on expert intuition has uncovered.• A new theory of expert intuition in nursing, which provides mechanisms for explaining how intuitive, perceptual decision making is linked to more analytical problem solving.• The suggestion that standard research on expertise (mostly based on the natural sciences) and that on nursing expertise (often based on phenomenology) should start a constructive dialogue. Expert Intuition in Nursing

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Section: Weaknesses Of the Theorymentioning

confidence: 90%

Towards an alternative to Benner's theory of expert intuition in nursing: A discussion paper

Gobet

Chassy

2008

International Journal of Nursing Studies

Self Cite

117

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“…Conceivably, it could form the basis for an equally ubiquitous law of practice. (p. 7) Its role in language acquisition is reexamined by McLanghlin (1987) and Schmidt (1992) (Ellis, 1996). Melton made his conclusion on data about the learning of letter or digit sequences: The more stimuli are repeated in STM, the greater the LTM for these items and, in succession, the easier they are to repeat as sequences in STM.…”

Section: Chunking In Sla (Second Language Acquisition)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-term Working Memory and Chunking in SLA

2016

TPLS

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Abstract-After elaborating the definition of working memory, the relationship between short-term memory and working memory, chunking in SLA and the relationship between short-term memory and chunking, this paper proves the importance of chunking through the experiment: the students' capacity in fast reading, reading in depth, listening and cloze from experimental group was affected by vocabulary depth through learning the theory of chunking and states how to apply chunking to second language acquisition.Index Terms-chunking, short-term memory, working memory, SLA (second language acquisition) I. THE ORIGIN OF WORKING MEMORYThe type of early memory Baddeley stated actually contains a specialized component of LTM but also has some characteristics of STM. This type of memory is named working memory, which is conceptualized as a system that temporarily stores and controls information as we carry out cognitive tasks. Baddeley and Hitch (1974) put forward the evolution of a single short-term memory into working memory.Working memory can be defined as a type of workbench in which new and old information is constantly being changed, integrated, and changed. Working memory disputes the view that STM is only another "box" in the head -a simple station along the way to either being forgotten or transmitted on to LTM -in which information is not actively stored. It suggests that our working memory is coordinating with activity.The idea of working memory also disputes the concept that the capacity of STM is restricted to about 7 items. Baddeley proposes that the span of memory is decided by the speed with which we practise information. Concerning verbal material, he assumed that we have an articulatory loop in which we can retain as much information as we can practice in an unchanging duration. Working memory holds a phonological loop that is a rehearsal circuit which retains inner speech for verbal comprehension. There is also a visuospatial scratchpad that is obliged to practise images and maintain them transiently. These processes are controlled by a central executive, which teams attentional activities and controls responses. The central executive behaves much like a supervisor who determines which issues need attention and which will be neglected. II. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHORT-TERM AND WORKING MEMORYThe study of short-term memory, the storage of small amounts of information over transient time intervals, constituted a main part of the development of cognitive psychology during the 1960s. The effort to form information-processing models of short-term memory (STM) resulted in some main arguments. Unluckily, solving these issues clearly proved beyond the ability of the methods available at the time, leading to a decrease of interest in STM during the 1970s, and afterwards even to a declaration of its death (Growder, 1982). Nevertheless, as the old idea of STM was losing support, it became integrated within a more complicated framework, working memory (WM), which assumed that the older idea of a unitary store be substi...

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“…The authors found that the grandmasters made far more blunders under rapid games than standard games (cf. Gobet & Simon, 1996). Similarly, Moxley, Ericsson, Charness, and Krampe (2012) rated the quality of chess moves of both experts and tournament-level chess players and recorded the time of deliberation.…”

Section: Option-generation During Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of time constraint on anticipation, decision making, and option generation in complex and dynamic environments

2015

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The Roles of Recognition Processes and Look-Ahead Search in Time-Constrained Expert Problem Solving: Evidence From Grand-Master-Level Chess

Cited by 163 publications

References 14 publications

Towards an alternative to Benner's theory of expert intuition in nursing: A discussion paper

Towards an alternative to Benner's theory of expert intuition in nursing: A discussion paper

Short-term Working Memory and Chunking in SLA

The effect of time constraint on anticipation, decision making, and option generation in complex and dynamic environments

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